Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
11,552
result(s) for
"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development"
Sort by:
The OECD and the expansion of PISA: new global modes of governance in education
This paper examines the expansion of the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and associated growth in the influence of the OECD's education work. PISA has become one of the OECD's most successful 'products' and has both strengthened the role of the Directorate for Education within the organization and enhanced the significance of the organization in education globally. We provide an overview of the OECD, including organizational changes in response to globalization and the changing place of the Directorate for Education within the organization, particularly with the development of PISA in the late 1990s. We show how the OECD is expanding PISA by broadening the scope of what is measured; increasing the scale of the assessment to cover more countries, systems and schools; and enhancing its explanatory power to provide policy-makers with better information. The OECD has also developed the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and PISA-based Tests for Schools, which draw on the PISA template to extend the influence of its education work to new sites. The paper draws on data from 33 interviews with past and present personnel from the OECD, the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) and the English and Australian education systems, as well as analysis of relevant OECD documents. We argue that PISA, and the OECD's education work more broadly, has facilitated new epistemological and infrastructural modes of global governance for the OECD in education.
Journal Article
Smoking and financial stress
Aim: Stress relief is commonly provided as a reason for smoking. However, it is plausible that the cost of smoking may create financial stress, particularly among the poor. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between smoking and financial stress. Design: Cross sectional survey of households from private dwellings conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), using a stratified multistage area sample design. Setting: Australia, 1998–99. Participants: Nationally representative sample of households (n = 6892). Main outcome measures: The outcome measures of objective financial stress were two dichotomous variables indicating whether the household had experienced any financial stress or severe financial stress in the past 12 months. Results: The odds of experiencing any financial stress were 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 1.7) times greater, and the odds of severe financial stress were twice (95% CI 1.6 to 2.5) as large for smoking households than non-smoking households. The effect of smoking on financial stress did not vary significantly across categories of income. Among smoking households, higher percentage of total household expenditure on tobacco was significantly related to financial stress. Conclusions: Given data were cross sectional, firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the causal relationship between smoking and financial stress. It is likely that they both affect each other. Undoubtedly, expenditure on tobacco will reduce available funds that could otherwise be used to ameliorate financial stress.
Journal Article
Trends in good laboratory practice studies submitted for the marketing authorization of pharmaceuticals in Japan
Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agencies (PMDA) receives the non-clinical safety studies following Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) for the marketing authorization of medical products. Here we analyzed the trends of GLP-compliant non-clinical studies (GLP studies) submitted to PMDA from FY2017 to FY2023. Geographical analysis of the origin of studies revealed that the share of Japanese studies slightly decreased over years, reflecting the drug lag/loss in Japan. This was supported by the analysis of the time from the completion of GLP studies to submissions. Importantly, studies from China and Taiwan were emerging, reflecting the active drug development in China, which is not the adherent to the OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD). We also discuss the PMDA’s policies on the GLP studies conducted in non-MAD countries.
Journal Article
THEORETICAL, LEGAL AND EMPIRICAL ASPECTS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The study tackles the problem of corporate governance from three directions. First, it reveals the theoretical aspects of corporate governance, with a special focus on public enterprises and the shift towards the new legislative package. Second, corporate governance is analyzed based on the legislative and legal aspects of public enterprises, which are financed by the state budget, and their implication vis – á – vis of the new legislative amendments and legal developments. Third, it is analyzed from the empirical point of view, the corporate governance indicators at the OECD and the Romanian levels. The conclusions of the study highlight the importance of central and public authorities in the field of corporate governance, which are fundamental in order to apply in a fair and complete manner the legal norms and stipulations.
Journal Article
Ayurveda for Managing Noncommunicable Diseases in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Nations: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Background Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine, has gained recognition in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries as a complementary and alternative medicine for managing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Qualitative studies have been conducted in various OECD countries regarding the use of Ayurveda for NCD management. However, no qualitative systematic review has been conducted on this topic. Aim This review aimed to synthesize the experiences, perceptions, and perspectives of patients with NCDs and Ayurvedic practitioners on the use of Ayurveda for NCD management in OECD countries. Methods The JBI qualitative systematic review guidelines were followed. Several databases were searched to identify published and unpublished qualitative studies. Results Of the 18,541 records identified, 9 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Using the JBI checklist for qualitative research (10 criteria), the critical appraisal scores of the studies ranged from moderate to high quality. Patients turned to Ayurveda because of concerns about side effects and dissatisfaction with conventional Western treatments and were driven by the perceived gentleness and holistic qualities of Ayurveda. Complementing these patient insights, Ayurvedic practitioners emphasized that Ayurveda identifies and addresses the root causes of diseases rather than treating symptoms alone. Integration challenges, limited medication access, and regulatory constraints were identified as factors affecting Ayurveda's service delivery. Conclusions Patients preferred Ayurveda because of its natural approach and fewer side effects, whereas Ayurvedic practitioners valued its holistic approach. However, its wider acceptance has been hampered by hurdles such as regulatory barriers and limited access to medicines. Strategies to overcome some of the barriers identified in this review as well as to promote the strengths discussed in this review may facilitate the effective use of Ayurveda to manage NCDs in OECD countries. Trial Registration: PROSPERO, Registration No. CRD42023397952.
Journal Article
Adapting the Competences of the Employed Personnel in the Context of the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Organisations
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been part of organisational activity for a long time, but until the launch of the ChatGPT application at the end of 2022, it was not discussed in such a comprehensive way. This type of application brought to the public's attention the concept of artificial intelligence and the fact that some of the repetitive activities of employees could easily be taken over by such applications. The article aims to identify trends in the evolution of skills among employees in the context of the integration of AI into the activity of organisations, based on empirical exploratory research, carried out between January and February 2024, on a sample of 259 respondents. The data were obtained by applying an online questionnaire on a specialised platform, the questionnaire having 21 questions, of which the first eight outline the sociodemographic profile of the respondents.The originality of the article consists of conducting empirical research with the aim of matching the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents with their approach toward the acquisition of skills in the context of the inclusion of AI in the activities of the organisation in which they operate. To validate the research hypotheses, non-parametric analysis methods of the interdependencies between the variables were used, the results obtained highlighting the need to study this issue on a representative sample, using a more complex questionnaire. More than 75% of respondents to the study are interested in acquiring skills to use AI-based applications. The most significant risks identified, as a result of the integration of AI in organisations, are the alteration of interpersonal communication and staff restructuring, and the greatest opportunity is the decrease in the time allocated for the performance of certain tasks, reflected in the increase in the efficiency of the organisation. The relevance of the research derives from the need to deepen several aspects related to the evolution of employee skills, in the context of increasing concern related to the way in which AI is being adopted by organisations.
Journal Article
Does democracy help reduce environmental degradation?
The main purpose of this study is to examine the democracy–environmental degradation nexus in 26 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1990 through 2015 by using panel data estimation methods, performing well under cross-sectional dependence. Empirical results are as follows: (i) Tests show that cross-section dependence exists among panel members, and slope coefficients are heterogeneous, respectively, and (ii) long-term coefficient estimation results with Augmented Mean Group estimator show that democracy, non-renewable energy consumption, and real income per capita have statistically significant negative effects on environmental quality, whereas renewable energy consumption has a positive effect. There is also no statistically significant relationship between urbanization and environmental quality. These findings show the poor functioning of democracy in addressing environmental issues among OECD countries; therefore, raising environmental quality conflicts with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of creating strong institutions and economic growth targets. Moreover, promoting renewable energy consumption may be an effective alternative in reducing environmental degradation; therefore, it can be said that promoting clean energy use and raising the SDG environmental quality targets are in harmony.
Journal Article
Does trade matter for carbon emissions in OECD countries? Evidence from a new trade openness measure
This paper analyzes the impacts of the per capita income, the per capita energy consumption, and the trade openness on the level of per capita carbon emissions in the panel dataset of 35 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 1960–2013. Along with the nominal trade openness, the paper uses a different trade openness measure, so called as the “trade potential index” (TPI). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that uses the TPI in the empirical environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis literature. The paper finds that the EKC hypothesis is valid and there is an “inverted-U” relationship between the income and the carbon emissions. In addition, the paper observes that there is a positive effect of the energy consumption on the carbon emissions. Furthermore, the results indicate that both trade openness measures are negatively associated with the carbon emissions in the OECD countries in the long run.
Journal Article