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"Orientation behavior"
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How dolphins and other animals use sonar
Biosonar is a kind of sonar produced and used by animals such as dolphins. Readers discover the biology behind biosonar and are introduced to other animals that also have this adaptation, including bats and shrews. Photographs of these animals are presented alongside a variety of facts and a graphic organizer. Informative text touches on science curriculum topics, such as animal adaptations, predator-prey relationships, and the science of sound.
Book
Wind effects on the long‐distance migration of GPS‐tracked adult ospreys Pandion haliaetus from Germany
Birds that repeatedly visit distinct places along their migratory routes in consecutive years must be able to navigate to these places and respond appropriately to unfavourable wind conditions. This study analysed the migratory routes, repeatedly‐visited areas and responses to sidewinds of 15 GPS‐tracked adult ospreys Pandion haliaetus from northeast Germany migrating to their wintering sites in Africa and back. We determined stopovers and intermediate goal areas and performed repeatability estimations on timing and migratory paths in four regions. The orientation behaviour of the ospreys was analysed with regard to perpendicular wind components at each GPS point during autumn and spring migrations. Generalised linear mixed models were used to test the dependence of orientation behaviour on region and the distance to the next goal. The findings showed that ospreys demonstrate high fidelity to migratory paths in autumn and spring, as well as to the timing of migration in autumn; and sidewinds are predominantly compensated, especially when sidewinds are strong. Furthermore, during autumn migration, the proportion of compensation increases in most regions with decreasing distances to the next goal; however, during spring migration, drift behaviour was detected more often at smaller distances to the next goal than at higher distances in the regions Mediterranean and central Europe. In general, ospreys compensate for unfavourable sidewinds and utilise supporting tailwinds on their journeys to the wintering sites in Africa and back to central Europe.
Journal Article
Effect of biological and anthropogenic sound on the orientation behavior of four species of brachyuran crabs
The settlement phase of crustaceans is critical and can ultimately affect their population structure. Underwater sound has been proposed as one of the most important sensory cues used by these animals during this phase because it can provide direction and habitat quality information. Here, we evaluated the effect of different acoustic signals (biological and anthropo genic) on the orientation response of different stages (megalopae and juveniles) of 4 brachyuran crabs (Cyrtograpsus angulatus, C. altimanus, Neohelice granulata, Leptuca uruguayensis) from Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon in Argentina. A binary choice chamber system was used, and different sound sources (crus ta cean, fish and motorboat signals) selected from recordings of the lagoon soundscape were reproduced. C. angulatus megalopae and juveniles responded positively towards crusta cean signals, while juveniles responded negatively towards fish sounds. N. granulata juveniles orientated negatively towards crustacean, motorboat and fish signals. C. altimanus and L. uruguayensis juveniles did not respond to fish signals. The results support the idea that invertebrates can discriminate among conspecific signals and highlight the role of sound on prey–predator relationships. The behavioral orientation response to the motorboat sound evidences a presumably negative effect of anthropogenic sound on the biological interactions of species. This information is important, given the urgent need to increase knowledge about coastal marine lagoons to enhance their protection, especially considering the role of the key species of crabs in this habitat.
Journal Article
Sexual orientation at work : contemporary issues and perspectives
\"Sexual Orientation at Work: Contemporary Issues and Perspectives brings together contemporary international research on sexual orientation and draws out its implications for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and heterosexual employees and managers. It provides new empirical and theoretical insights into sexual orientation employment discrimination and equality work in countries such as South Africa, Turkey, Australia, Austria, Canada, US and the UK. This book is novel in its focus on how sexual orientation intersects with other aspects of difference such as age, class, ethnicity and disability. It adopts new theoretical perspectives (e.g. queer theory) to analyze the rise of new 'gay-friendly' organizations, and examines important methodological issues in collecting socio-economic data about sexual minorities. Providing an accessible account of key issues and perspectives on sexual orientation in the workplace, Sexual Orientation at Work caters to a wide range of readers across business, feminist, and LGBT/Queer Studies fields\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Host-location behavior of the tea green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Göthe (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): olfactory and visual effects on their orientation
The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca vitis Göthe, is one of the most serious pests in tea growing areas. This study investigated the roles played by olfaction and vision in host orientation behavior. The compound eye of E. vitis was found to be a photopic eye; few olfactory sensilla were found on the antennae, while abundant gustatory sensilla were recorded on the mouthparts. Three opsin genes (EV_LWop, EV_UVop, EV_Bop) were isolated and found to be mainly expressed in the compound eye compared with other parts of the body. Immunolocalization indicated that the opsins mainly located in the different regions of rhabdom. The transcription levels of EV_LWop, EV_Bop and EV_UVop were reduced by 77.3, 70.0 and 40.0%, respectively, by RNA interference induced by being fed a special RNA-rich diet for 6 days. The rate of tropism to host color was effectively impaired by 67.6 and 29.5% in the dsEV_LWop and dsEV_Bop treatment groups, but there was no significant change in the dsEV_UVop group. The determination of the cause of the tropism indicated that odors from the host over long distances were unable to attract E. vitis and were only detected when the insects were close to the host. The developed compound eye of E. vitis plays a leading role in host location, and the long-wavelength opsin significantly affects the tropism to host color; the lack of olfactory sensilla results in long-distance odors not being able to be detected until the insect is near to the host-plant. The understanding of these behavioral mechanisms, especially the importance of opsin genes is expected to be useful for pest management.
Journal Article
Orientation of Mediterranean fish larvae varies with location
Fish larvae at settlement represent a determining stage for maintaining coastal fish populations. This early life stage is decisive for the dispersal, recruitment, and habitat colonisation of coastal fish species. This study aims at observing the orientation behaviour of eight Mediterranean fish taxa, in four families, at settlement stage in two experimental sites along the north-east Corsican coastline (north-west Mediterranean Sea), a Sandy and a Rocky coastal site with different environmental characteristics. The objective was to detect if there were differences in directionality (i.e. the ability of individuals to maintain a fixed bearing in their environment) and orientation (i.e. the consistency among the bearing of individuals at species level) between the two coastal sites for the tested species. We also tried to identify the environmental factors that may influence directionality and orientation. The results show strong directionality for most fish larvae, with proportions of directional individuals generally exceeding 80%, either at community or species level (4 ≤ n ≤ 46 per species). Only the white seabream, Diplodus sargus, showed significant orientation behaviour, towards a cardinal direction, towards the sun in both experimental sites, as well as towards the coast in the Sandy site and towards the open sea in the Rocky site. The other species did not show significant orientation. This study supports the theory that orientation behaviour is dependent both on species and the environment perceived by the fish larvae. This kind of work is important for developing predictive models of marine population settlement and presents key elements for protection and management of coastal areas.
Journal Article
Environmentally acquired chemical camouflage affects Pieris brassicae L. host plant selection and orientation behaviour of a larval parasitoid
Environmentally acquired chemical camouflage is a phenomenon, where a plant growing close to a strong volatile organic compound (VOC) emitter will adsorb and re-emit the VOCs produced by the neighbouring plant. The re-emitted volatile bouquet may resemble more the VOC composition of the neighbour than plant’s own typical odour, and thus act as chemical camouflage against insect detection, potentially simultaneously providing associational resistance towards herbivory. We exposed a pest-sensitive horticultural crop,
Brassica oleracea
var.
italica
(broccoli) cv. Lucky, to the volatiles emitted by
Rhododendron tomentosum
[RT] twigs and assessed the host selection by ovipositing females and larval instars of the major caterpillar pest
Pieris brassicae
between RT-exposed and control plants. Potential impact of RT exposure on herbivore natural enemies was studied using behavioural tests with a parasitoid wasp
Cotesia glomerata
.
P. brassicae
females laid significantly less eggs and egg clusters were fewer on RT-exposed plants at both night-time (6 °C) and daytime (22 °C) temperatures. Larvae preferred leaves from control plants over RT-exposed plants at both temperatures. Preceding RT-exposure did not disturb orientation of parasitoid wasp
Cotesia glomerata
females towards
B. oleracea
plants damaged by its host
P. brassicae
. However, host-damaged control plants were favoured by the parasitoid over RT-exposed, host-damaged plants. Our results suggest that companion plant based chemical camouflage as a mechanism of pest suppression could be developed as an additional tool for the integrated pest management toolbox in agriculture.
Journal Article
Behavioural evidence for the use of geomagnetic cue in Japanese glass eel Anguilla japonica orientation
Japanese eel is already magnetosensitive at the glass eel phase. However, currently, there is no evidence that they can use geomagnetic cues for orientation. We examined orientation behaviour in a radially symmetrical test arena in which the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field could be manipulated. Groups of glass eels released at the centre of the arena showed a mean orientation angle significantly biased to the south of 198° in the ambient geomagnetic field, but showed random orientation in the geomagnetic field when its horizontal component was cancelled in a solenoid. Results showed that they use geomagnetic cues for orientation.
Journal Article
Cortical layer–specific critical dynamics triggering perception
How are behaviorally relevant representations of the outside world initiated and manifested in the mammalian brain? Marshel et al. combined a channelrhodopsin with an improved holographic stimulation technique to examine activity in the mouse visual cortex, including its deep layers. Optogenetic stimulation of neurons previously activated by natural visual stimuli recreated the original activity and behavior. Neuronal population activity typically propagated from cortical layer 2/3 to layer 5 rather than in the reverse direction. Stimulation of a larger number of cells was required to initiate activity in layer 2/3 than in layer 5. This indicates differences in ensemble coding between the two layers. Science , this issue p. eaaw5202 An optical neural interface reveals the dynamics of cortical network activity underlying mammalian behavior. Perceptual experiences may arise from neuronal activity patterns in mammalian neocortex. We probed mouse neocortex during visual discrimination using a red-shifted channelrhodopsin (ChRmine, discovered through structure-guided genome mining) alongside multiplexed multiphoton-holography (MultiSLM), achieving control of individually specified neurons spanning large cortical volumes with millisecond precision. Stimulating a critical number of stimulus-orientation-selective neurons drove widespread recruitment of functionally related neurons, a process enhanced by (but not requiring) orientation-discrimination task learning. Optogenetic targeting of orientation-selective ensembles elicited correct behavioral discrimination. Cortical layer–specific dynamics were apparent, as emergent neuronal activity asymmetrically propagated from layer 2/3 to layer 5, and smaller layer 5 ensembles were as effective as larger layer 2/3 ensembles in eliciting orientation discrimination behavior. Population dynamics emerging after optogenetic stimulation both correctly predicted behavior and resembled natural internal representations of visual stimuli at cellular resolution over volumes of cortex.
Journal Article