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"Orphans Ireland History."
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The Trading of Unlimited Liability Bank Shares in Nineteenth-Century Ireland: The Bagehot Hypothesis
In the mid-1820s, banks became the first businesses in Great Britain and Ireland to be allowed to form freely on an unlimited liability joint-stock basis. Walter Bagehot warned that their shares would ultimately be owned by widows, orphans, and other impecunious individuals. Another hypothesis is that the governing bodies of these banks, constrained by special legal restrictions on share trading, acted effectively to prevent such shares being transferred to the less wealthy. We test both conjectures using the archives of an Irish joint-stock bank. The results do not support Bagehot's hypothesis.
Journal Article
Foreign Adoptions and the Evolution of Irish Adoption Policy, 1945–52
In recent years it has become increasingly common for childless couples from the U.S. and Western Europe to look overseas--to Eastern Europe and Asia--to adopt the \"unwanted\" children that are no longer so readily available for adoption at home. In Ireland at the turn of the twenty-first century the fact that Irish couples are enthusiastic participants in this \"trade\" has been juxtaposed with the stark and unpalatable reality that, as late as the 1960s, thousands of healthy Irish children were sent to the United States for adoption because they were illegitimate and thus \"unwanted\" at home. Until the 1952 Adoption Act provided for the legal transfer of parental rights from biological to adoptive parents, the only alternative to an institutional existence or an insecure boarding-out arrangement for these unwanted children was adoption by foreign, primarily American, families. From the early 1940s to the mid-1960s thousands of Irish children were sent abroad under an informal (and probably illegal and unconstitutional) adoption scheme. This article examines the story of Ireland's overseas adoption scheme, and the evolution of Ireland's adoption policy in the 1940s and 1950s, and is part of a twentieth-century Irish social history that has for the most part been neglected by historians.
Journal Article
Grosse Ile: Canada's Irish famine memorial
The cholera epidemic of 1832 was the result of the unavoidable failure of the quarantine station. By September 30, the newspapers reported the \"official burials\" at Quebec City at 3,292. More than that had died at Grosse Ile.(f.8) The Irish dead of 1832 were buried in mass graves at low tide in Back Bay, whence it became known as Cholera Bay.(f.9) The summer of 1832 was a foretaste of the disaster which overwhelmed Grosse Ile in 1847. The island's story is irrevocably Irish because Ireland was the wellspring of the catastrophes of 1832 and 1847. The special significance of Grosse Ile for the Irish diaspora was already evident 100 years ago, when the Irish community in Quebec marked the 50th anniversary of \"Black '47\" with a pilgrimage to the island. The Ancient Order of Hibernians then launched a campaign to mark the site, and on 15 August 1909, a 15-metre granite Celtic Cross was unveiled on Telegraph Hill, the highest point on Grosse Ile, 45 metres above the river. It faces west, towards the new life the thousands who died at Grosse Ile never saw. The opening ceremony drew 9,000 people from across North America. The cross was unveiled by the Papal Legate, Mgr. Antonio Sbaretti; sermons were delivered by Archbishop (later Cardinal) Louis-Nazaire Begin, and Fr. A. E. Maguire, chaplain to the AOH. Among those present at the ceremony were Fr. McGuirk, the last survivor of the 42 priests who tended the victims of 1847, and Madame Roberge, one of the many children orphaned that year and adopted by a local family. The dignitaies included Canada's Chief Justice, Sir Charles Fitzpatrick and Secretary of State Charles Murphy, as well as members of both federal and provincial parliaments.(f.72) (f.70) [Christine Chartre], Rapport synthese, 116, 196, 328, 348, 360; Pierre Dufour et al., Inventaire sommaire du patrimoine architectural de la Grosse-Ile (Quebec 1983), 98-9; Grosse Ile: Development Concept and Supplement (Quebec 1992) -- the Supplement says the cemetery at the east end of Grosse Ile was not opened until 1848 or at the earliest \"the end of 1847,\" 13-7.
Journal Article
The Interested Heart and the Absent Mind: Samuel Johnson and Thomas Otway's the Orphan
Some of the processes of categorizing and reordering the attributes of mind and body are traced by discussing Samuel Johnson's critical evaluation of Thomas Otway's plays, and through a comparison of the discourses of desire in Ottway's \"The Orphan\" and Johnson's \"Rassales.\"
Journal Article
She-Tragedy and Its Men: Conflict and Form in The Orphan and The Fair Penitent
A study of the Restoration dramas \"The Orphan,\" by Thomas Otway, and \"The Fair Penitent,\" by Nicholas Rowe, re-examines the cultural role of she-tragedy and its melodramatic plots in a political-historical context.
Journal Article
The Anxiety of Affluence: Family and Class (Dis)order in Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded
Samuel Richardson's novel \"Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded\" is discussed. The story shows the imprint of a cultural revolution involving the rise of a bourgeois class.
Journal Article
BETSEY TROTWOOD AND JANE MURDSTONE: DICKENSIAN DOUBLES
Charles Dickens' novel, \"David Copperfield,\" is analyzed in relation to the differences and similarities between two of the female characters in the novel, Betsey Trotwood and Jane Murdstone. Although critics of \"David Copperfield\" see the two women as complete opposites, it was Dickens' intention to create some visible similarities between them.
Journal Article
