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Treatment of Proteus mirabilis infections is a challenge due to the high abundance of virulence factors and the high intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR) further challenge the control of P. mirabilis infection. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between virulence determinants and multidrug resistance in 100 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis collected in Alexandria from December 2019 to June 2021. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was tested by the Kirby Bauer method. Detection of swarming, urease, protease, hemolysin, and biofilm formation was performed phenotypically and by PCR amplification of zap A, fla A, ure C, mrp A, atf A, uca A, hpm A, and lux S. MDR and XDR were detected in 34% and 5%, respectively. All isolates were positive for motility, swarming, urease, and protease production. Ninety percent were positive for hemolysin production, while 73% formed biofilm. All isolates possessed the ure C and zap A genes. The lux S, fla A, uca A, hpm A, mrp A, and atf A genes were detected in 99%, 98%, 96% 90%, 89%, and 84%, respectively. The presence of a single biofilm-related gene was statistically correlated with non-biofilm production ( P = 0.018). It was concluded that P. mirabilis isolates from catheterized-urine samples were significantly associated with biofilm formation. MDR and virulence were not statistically correlated. A significant positive correlation was detected between some virulence genes in P. mirabilis . Non-MDR isolates of P. mirabilis had a high abundance of virulence factors with no statistically significant difference from MDR. Most of the MDR and all XDR isolates could produce biofilm.

Proteus mirabilis ( P. mirabilis ) is one of the most important causative pathogens associated with complicated urinary tract infections with a 20% incidence. For epidemiological determinations, several phenotypic and molecular typing methods have been implicated. Sixty P. mirabilis isolated undergo antibiotic susceptibility test by standard Kirby Bauer method. They showed high resistance to nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole that appear mainly in 3rd age group. The 2nd age group comprised most of the resistant isolates to the tested antibiotics. A total of 73.33% of isolates were classified as multi drug resistance (MDR) and 78.3% of isolates were distributed in several antibiotypes with MAR index over 0.2. Twenty-one isolates were strong biofilm-producers and they were significantly related to MDR. Different virulence factors as protease, urease and hemolysin production are detected. Detection of several virulence genes by PCR; zapA and ureC were harbored by all isolates, followed by rsbA (95%), ureA and flaA (93%), hpmA (91.7%) and mrpA (73.3%). Determination of genetic diversity between isolates was performed by different methods (RAPD, ISSR, ERIC, BOX-AIR and REP-PCR) by using several parameters as typeability and discriminatory power indicating that ERIC-PCR was the best method followed by REP-PCR 1R. Rand’s & Wallace coefficients were used for calculating the congruence among typing methods. Conclusions: The results obtained from both conventional and molecular typing methods indicated that molecular methods are superior to conventional methods in the discrimination of isolates. ERIC-PCR and Rep-PCR provide high discrimination ability among P. mirabilis clinical isolates contributing to epidemiological studies.

2-((1-(4-((2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidin-5-yl)diazenyl) phenyl) ethylidene) amino) benzoic acid (H3L), and its V(IV), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I) chelates were synthesized. They were defined using multiple spectral and analytical techniques. With the exception of Ag(I) chelate, all chelates possessed non-electrolytic character. Square pyramidal shape was proposed for V(IV) chelate and Square planar for the other chelates. The analysis of functional group bands of H3L and its coordination compounds alludes that H3L chelated as neutral tetradentate via nitrogen atoms of azo and azomethine groups, oxygen atom of carbonyl of barbituric acid and OH of the carboxylic group. TG/DTG predicted the thermal behaviors of all compounds. The antibacterial activity of H3L and its coordination compounds was conducted against Proteus mirabilis at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Ag(I) at 1000 µg/mL, showed the most inhibiting potency against P. mirabilis and registered zone of inhibition of 28.33 ± 0.84 mm and highest biofilm inhibition of 70.31%. At 50 Gy of gamma irradiation, the reducing effect of Ag(I) chelate was improved. The protein interruption of P. mirabilis was greatly interrupted by increasing the concentration of the chaletes. Also, Ag(I) showed the highest cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 11.5 µg/ mL. The novelty of this study is the synthesis of a new azo-Schiff base and this is almost the first publication of the effect of azo-Schiff ligands against that bacterial strain P. mirabilis.

Aptamer-modified SiC quantum dots (DNA-SiC QDs) as fluorescent aptasensor are described for the determination of Proteus mirabilis . The SiC QDs were synthesized through one-pot hydrothermal method with particle sizes of about 14 nm. The amino-modified aptamers against P. mirabilis were conjugated to the surfaces of SiC QDs for bacteria recognition . The aptamer with an affinity for target protein can bound to P. mirabilis and this causes a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of DNA-SiC QDs. P. mirabilis levels were tested by the aptasensor within 35 min with fluorescence excitation/emission maxima at 320/420 nm. The linear range is from 10 3 to 10 8  CFU mL −1 and the limit of detection is 526 CFU mL −1 ( S / N  = 3). The aptasensor was used for determination of P. mirabilis in pure milk samples and obtained good accuracy (87.6–104.5%) and recovery rates (85–110.2%) were obtained. The detection in simulated forensic identification samples (pure milk, milk powder, blood, and urine) obtained gave satisfactory coincidence rates with the method of bacterial isolation and identification as standard. These results demonstrate that the fluorescent aptasensor is a potential tool for identification of P. mirabilis in forensic food poisoning cases. Graphical abstract Determination of P. mirabilis is based on SiC QDs fluorescence aptasensor. The SiC QDs with plentiful carboxyl groups on the surface can be synthesized via one-pot hydrothermal route. After activated by EDC/NHS, the SiC QDs can bind to aptamer to form fluorescence aptasensors. When the target P. mirabilis exists, the fluorescence of aptasensor will be quenched and the determination of the P. mirabilis based on the fluorescence change can be analyzed.

In the present study, significant hydrogen producing bacteria Enterococcus faecium IITGEN1 and Proteus mirabilis IITGEN2 were newly isolated from local waste sources via dark fermentation. The effects of process parameters like pH (3–10), temperature (32–40 °C), carbohydrate (sucrose, dextrose, cellulose, xylose, lactose and fructose), carbohydrate concentration (1–5 g/L), and stirring speed (125–200 rpm) were studied. The highest hydrogen yield was observed for 1 g sucrose/L concentration at pH 7, 38 °C and stirring speed of 175 rpm. The maximum hydrogen yields at the most favorable process parameters were 4.4 and 4.25 mol H 2 /mol sucrose in presence of E. faecium IITGEN1 and P. mirabilis IITGEN2, respectively. Among liquid products, E. faecium IITGEN1 produced butyric acid (3600 mg/L) and propionic acid (1600 mg/L), while P. mirabilis IITGEN2 produced mainly butanol (4000 mg/L) followed by butyric acid (3400 mg/L) after 48 h. The lower yield of hydrogen for P. mirabilis IITGEN2 might be due to consumption of hydrogen in intermediate steps producing significant amount of butanol. Both the bacteria followed Pyruvate: Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase pathway while only E. faecium IITGEN1 followed Pyruvate: Formate lyase pathway. Degradation of sucrose followed first order kinetics in presence of both the strains. The higher value of rate constant for P. mirabilis IITGEN2 (k = 0.027 h −1 ) compared to that of E. faecium IITGEN1 (k = 0.023 h −1 ) suggested faster degradation kinetics of the former. The study gives a comprehensive insight into isolation and characterization of hydrogen producing strains, assessing their performance under broad range of process values.

Background Proteus mirabilis has been identified as an important zoonotic pathogen, causing several illnesses such as diarrhoea, keratitis and urinary tract infections. Objective This study assessed the prevalence of P. mirabilis in broiler chickens, its antibiotic resistance (AR) patterns, ESBL‐producing P. mirabilis and the presence of virulence genes. Methods A total of 26 isolates were confirmed as P. mirabilis from 480 pooled broiler chicken faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility test, while nine virulence genes and 26 AR genes were also screened by PCR. Results All 26 P. mirabilis isolates harboured the ireA (siderophore receptors), ptA, and zapA (proteases), ucaA, pmfA, atfA, and mrpA (fimbriae), hlyA and hpmA (haemolysins) virulence genes. The P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (62%) and levofloxacin (54%), while 8 (30.7%) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). PCR analysis identified the blaCTX‐M gene (62%), blaTEM (58%) and blaCTX‐M‐2 (38%). Further screening for AMR genes identified mcr‐1, cat1, cat2, qnrA, qnrD and mecA, 12%, 19%, 12%, 54%, 27% and 8%, respectively for P. mirabilis isolates. The prevalence of the integron integrase intI1 and intI2 genes was 43% and 4%, respectively. Conclusions The rise of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance, as well as MDR strains, is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Furthermore, because ESBL‐producing P. mirabilis has the potential to spread to humans, the presence of blaCTX‐M‐producing P. mirabilis in broilers should be kept under control. This is the first study undertaken to isolate P. mirabilis from chicken faecal samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance status as well as virulence profiles in South Africa. A total of 26 isolates were confirmed as P. mirabilis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Seven out of nine virulence genes (ptA, zapA, ucaA, pmfA, atfA, mrpA and hlyA) were detected in P. mirabilis isolates. A total of eight (30.7%) P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. Out of 26 P. mirabilis isolates, 8 (30.8%) were phenotypically classified as ESBL‐producing, while 22 (84%) were classified genotypically as ESBL positive.

Background and Objectives: Proteus and Providencia are related genera of opportunistic pathogens belonging to the Morganellaceae family, often a cause of infections in the immunocompromised hosts, such as diabetic patients. Their clinical significance has increased due to their intrinsic resistance to polymyxins, which is often associated with acquired resistance mechanisms. In this study we evaluated the infections caused by Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii in two groups of patients, with diabetes (group 1) and without diabetes (group 2) admitted to the intensive care unit and surgical wards. The infections were investigated in terms of infection type, risk factors, clinical course, predictive factors for unfavourable outcomes and antibiotic resistance profile. Materials and Methods: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted, comprising all patients infected with these pathogens. Bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were performed using the Vitek2C automated system. Results: Comparison of the two groups showed that the statistically significant common infectious risk factors were found less frequently among diabetic patients when compared with non-diabetic patients, and that antimicrobial resistance was significantly lower in the diabetic patient group. However, survival rates did not differ between the two groups, drawing attention to the implications of diabetes as comorbidity. Additionally, with regard to the antibiotic resistance profile, 38.89% of P. stuartii strains isolated from diabetic patients belonged to the difficult-to-treat (DTR) phenotype, contributing to the severity of these infections compared with those caused by P. mirabilis, of which 32% were wild type strains and 0% were DTR phenotype. The DTR/extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing P. stuartii isolates more than doubled the risk of mortality, while the presence of nasogastric nutrition tripled the risk. Conclusions: P. stuartii infections that occurred in diabetic patients proved to be more difficult to treat, the majority of them being healthcare-associated bacteremias.

Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is an emerging foodborne pathogen that poses a risk to both veterinary and human health because of its virulence factors and multidrug resistance (MDR) capability. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of P. mirabilis isolated from red meat and poultry in Shahrekord, Iran. A total of 480 meat samples (red meat and poultry) were examined for P. mirabilis contamination using biochemical and molecular methods. Biofilm formation was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. Extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) production was detected by the combined disk test. Resistance and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Genetic diversity was analyzed using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus‐Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC‐PCR) and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic‐Polymerase Chain Reaction (REP‐PCR). Out of 480 samples, 92 (19.16%) were positive for P. mirabilis, with the highest prevalence in veal (25%) and chicken (27.5%). Over 79% of isolates were strong biofilm producers. The highest resistance rates were observed for nitrofurantoin (70.8%) and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (79.5%). ESBL‐producing isolates carried blaCTX‐M and blaTEM genes, whereas blaSHV was less frequent. The most common resistance genes were qnrA, qnrB, tetA, tetB, and sul1. Virulence genes such as zapA, hpmA, mrpA, and hlyA were detected in most isolates. ERIC‐PCR and REP‐PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates with 75%–100% similarity for red meat isolates and 51%–100% for poultry isolates. P. mirabilis isolates from red meat and poultry in Shahrekord showed high prevalence of MDR and virulence genes, indicating potential risks to food safety and public health. Continuous monitoring and stricter control measures in meat production are necessary to prevent the spread of resistant and virulent strains. Isolation and characterization of antibiotic‐resistant *Proteus mirabilis* from retail meat in Iran. The workflow illustrates the screening of meat samples, genomic identification of *P. mirabilis*, and molecular analysis of resistance genes.

The global spread of colistin or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been a pressing threat to public health. Members of Enterobacteriaceae, especially Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli, have been prevalent foodborne pathogens and such pathogens from fresh vegetables have triggered foodborne illness in China. However, reports about CRE, especially P. mirabilis from fresh vegetables, are still lacking. In this study, we identified five blaNDM-positive P. mirabilis and five blaNDM-positive generic E. coli concurrently from five fresh vegetables in two markets from China, and four of the five E. coli also carried mcr-1. The 10 isolates were characterized with methods including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation, whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. All 10 isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). blaNDM-5 in five E. coli isolates and one P. mirabilis carrying blaNDM-5 was located on similarly transferable IncX3 plasmids, while transferably untypable plasmids were the carriers of blaNDM-1 in four P. mirabilis isolates from different types of vegetables/markets. mcr-1 in the four blaNDM-5-positive E. coli was located on similarly non-conjugative IncHI2 MDR plasmids lacking transfer region. Notably, ISCR1 complex class 1 integron capable of capturing blaNDM-1 was found on all untypable plasmids from P. mirabilis, and five copies of ISCR1 complex class 1 integron containing blaNDM-1 even occurred in one P. mirabilis, which showed high-level carbapenem resistance. Plasmid and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the blaNDM-positive P. mirabilis and E. coli from fresh vegetables might be derived from animals and transmitted to humans via the food chain. The concurrence of blaNDM-positive P. mirabilis and E. coli carrying both mcr-1 and blaNDM in different types of fresh vegetables eaten raw is alarming and threatens food safety. Sustained surveillance of these foodborne pathogens among fresh vegetables is urgent to ensure the health of food consumers. We report for the first time the concurrence of blaNDM-positive P. mirabilis and mcr-1-bearing E. coli carrying blaNDM from the same fresh vegetables.

Proteus mirabilis has become a prevalent opportunistic pathogenic agent in clinical infections globally. The objective of this study was to analyze and discover some of genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of P. mirabilis that exhibit resistance to multiple drugs, including IntI1, IntI2 and to assess the relationship in the phylogenetic tree among these genes in Iraq, comparing to world-wide strains in National  Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI ). A total of 250 samples from different sources were isolated in some  Diyala province hospitals from August 2023 to January 2024 to be identified for the presence of P. mirabilis by biochemical and genetics test. The study demonstrated that 75 isolates were P. mirabilis 35 isolates (46.7%) from urine, (10.7%) from wounds, (13.3%) from burns and diabetic foot and 12 isolates (16%) from vaginal swabs and tested against 15 antibiotics for susceptibility. The prevalence of multi drug- resistance ( MDR) in this study was high (97%) while only 2 isolates was tended to be extensively drug -resistance (XDR) (3%) no pan-drug –resistance(PDR) was detected. From 12 isolates of p.mirabilis 9  Intl1 and 6 Intl2 genes were detectable. homology between the sequenced sample of P. mirabilis reference target sequences. These genes were sequenced and phylogenetic relationships among these genes and global genes were documented in NCBI. The study suggests that some Iraqi isolates contain genetic variation compared to global strains and demonstrated the utility of IntI1, IntI2 sequencing in investigating the genetic diversity of P. mirabilis strains and offering insights into the evolutionary history of these crucial bacterial pathogens.