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"PALS"
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Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (Pal) of Gram-negative bacteria: function, structure, role in pathogenesis and potential application in immunoprophylaxis
The protein Pal (peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein) is anchored in the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria and interacts with Tol proteins. Tol-Pal proteins form two complexes: the first is composed of three inner membrane Tol proteins (TolA, TolQ and TolR); the second consists of the TolB and Pal proteins linked to the cell's OM. These complexes interact with one another forming a multiprotein membrane-spanning system. It has recently been demonstrated that Pal is essential for bacterial survival and pathogenesis, although its role in virulence has not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the available data concerning the structure and function of Pal and its role in pathogenesis.
Journal Article
Dear blue sky
\"Shortly after Cass's big brother is deployed to fight in Iraq, Cass becomes pen pals with an Iraqi girl who opens up her eyes to the effects of war.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The milk of birds
When a nonprofit organization called Save the Girls pairs a fourteen-year-old Sudanese refugee with an American teenager from Richmond, Virginia, the pen pals teach each other compassion and share a bond that bridges two continents.
Book
Construction and Commissioning of PAL-XFEL Facility
The construction of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free-Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL), a 0.1-nm hard X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facility based on a 10-GeV S-band linear accelerator (LINAC), is achieved in Pohang, Korea by the end of 2016. The construction of the 1.11 km-long building was completed by the end of 2014, and the installation of the 10-GeV LINAC and undulators started in January 2015. The installation of the 10-GeV LINAC, together with the undulators and beamlines, was completed by the end of 2015. The commissioning began in April 2016, and the first lasing of the hard X-ray FEL line was achieved on 14 June 2016. The progress of the PAL-XFEL construction and its commission are reported here.
Journal Article
Dear dragon
As a school project, George and Blaise become pen pals, writing rhyming letters about their favorite things to do, unaware that one is human and the other a dragon.
Book
Development of the Nanobeam X‐ray Experiments instrument at PAL‐XFEL
A Nanobeam X‐ray Experiments (NXE) instrument was developed and installed at the hard X‐ray beamline of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X‐ray Free Electron Laser. This instrument consists of a diagnostic system, focusing optics, an X‐ray diffraction endstation and a femtosecond laser delivery system. The NXE instrument enables sophisticated X‐ray experiments using nanofocused X‐rays. At a 9.5 keV X‐ray energy, the beam was successfully focused to 390 nm × 230 nm at the focal plane using Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors. Following the successful commissioning experiments in December 2021 and April 2022, the instrument became available for regular user experiments in January 2023. The first user experiment was conducted in January 2024. This article provides detailed information on the beamline optics, the NXE instrument, and its performance and capabilities. The Nanobeam X‐ray Experiments (NXE) instrument at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X‐ray Free Electron Laser (PAL‐XFEL) is introduced. The NXE instrument enables users to conduct X‐ray experiments with nanofocused X‐rays.
Journal Article
Stubby the fearless squid
Stubby, a timid squid, and Razor Clam become pen pals, exchanging fanciful tales of their courageous acts, but when they meet, Stubby's brave imaginings are put to the test.
Book
Comparative analysis of the PAL gene family in nine citruses provides new insights into the stress resistance mechanism of Citrus species
Background
The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (
PAL
) gene, a well-studied plant defense gene, is crucial for growth, development, and stress resistance. The
PAL
gene family has been studied in many plants. Citrus is among the most vital cash crops worldwide. However, the
PAL
gene family has not been comprehensively studied in most
Citrus
species, and the biological functions and specific underlying mechanisms are unclear.
Results
We identified 41
PAL
genes from nine
Citrus
species and revealed different patterns of evolution among the
PAL
genes in different
Citrus
species. Gene duplication was found to be a vital mechanism for the expansion of the
PAL
gene family in citrus. In addition, there was a strong correlation between the ability of
PAL
genes to respond to stress and their evolutionary duration in citrus.
PAL
genes with shorter evolutionary times were involved in more multiple stress responses, and these
PAL
genes with broad-spectrum resistance were all single-copy genes. By further integrating the lignin and flavonoid synthesis pathways in citrus, we observed that
PAL
genes contribute to the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids, which enhance the physical defense and ROS scavenging ability of citrus plants, thereby helping them withstand stress.
Conclusions
This study provides a comprehensive framework of the
PAL
gene family in citrus, and we propose a hypothetical model for the stress resistance mechanism in citrus. This study provides a foundation for further investigations into the biological functions of
PAL
genes in the growth, development, and response to various stresses in citrus.
Journal Article