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O Estado de Pernambuco tem uma vocação pecuária, especialmente, para a exploração de caprinos. Dentre as proteínas, chamadas de caseínas, a αS1-caseína foi a primeira proteína comprovada com base no polimorfismo genético. Objetivando realizar a genotipagem de cabras criadas no sertão, agreste e zona da mata do Estado de Pernambuco, por meio da técnica de PCR-RFLP, estudou-se o polimorfismo do gene da αS1-caseína. Utilizaram-se 60 animais, divididos em três grupos de 20 animais, das raças Moxotó, Alpina Americana e SRD (Sem Raça Definida). A extração do DNA foi realizada com a utilização do protocolo fenol-clorofórmio, e o gene da αS1-caseína foi amplificado por meio da PCR (reação da polimerase em cadeia). Em seguida, foi utilizada a enzima de restrição XmnI para obter a freqüência alélica das raças estudadas. Encontrou-se, nos caprinos, os alelos da αS1-caseína B e D que foram predominantes para a raça nativa Moxotó e animais SRD (100%), e os alelos C e D, para a raça Alpina Americana (100%), concluindo-se que existem variações genéticas para o gene da αS1-caseína do leite das raças caprinas estudadas, embora se evidencie a proximidade genética entre a Moxotó e SRD.

O método da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, associado com o Polimorfismo de Fragmentos de DNA obtidos por Enzimas de Restrição (PCR-RFLP) foi, aplicado em 20 amostras clínicas cervicais de pacientes portadoras de anormalidades colpocitológicas atendidas no Lepac, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). O DNA e o tipo de HPV foram detectados e determinados em todas as amostras analisadas. A grande maioria das amostras cervicais era portadora de tipos de HPV com alto potencial para o desenvolvimento neoplásico. O método PCR-RFLP demonstrou grande poder discriminatório, pois foi capaz de detectar o DNA e determinar o potencial para o desenvolvimento neoplásico de até quatro tipos de HPV presentes de forma concomitante em uma única amostra cervical. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que esse método pode ser utilizado rotineiramente com alta sensibilidade e reprodutibilidade, sendo um método de escolha na triagem primária de pacientes com risco de desenvolver neoplasias cervicais, contribuindo com informações que auxiliem num possível controle dessa doença.

Morphological identification of prey fragments in vampire bat feces is impossible because of an exclusively blood-based diet. Therefore, studies of their foraging ecology require innovative approaches. We investigated the diet of Desmodus rotundus using a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) molecular method by amplifying the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene (380 bp) from DNA fecal samples collected from captive bats fed with blood from chickens, cattle, pigs, dogs, and humans—the 5 most frequently attacked prey species in rural areas of the Brazilian Amazonia. The prey preference of the vampire bat was investigated in 18 riverine villages, where the availability of domestic animals to bats was quantified. Prey DNA amplified from fecal samples exhibited no visible signals of vampire bat DNA. A PCR—RFLP flowchart and a combination of 2 DNA restriction enzymes allowed the direct identification of prey to species level. The enzymes' restriction profile did not overlap with those of vampire bats or wild mammal and avian species. Chickens were the most attacked prey species (61.4% of the identifications, n = 27), but pigs were highly preferred in relation to prey availability. This suggests a preference for mammalian blood in D. rotundus diet, with chickens exploited as a secondary food source. No wild vertebrate species was identified in the fecal samples, indicating that vampire bats are selectively feeding on the blood of domesticated animals, probably because they are more predictable and easily accessed resources.

In recent years, an extensive collection of Toxoplasma gondii samples have been typed using a set of 10 PCR-RFLP genetic markers. Here we summarize the data reported until the end of 2012. A total of 1457 samples were typed into 189 genotypes. Overall, only a few genotypes dominate in the northern hemisphere, which is in stark contrast to the southern hemisphere where hundreds of genotypes coexist with none being notably dominant. PCR-RFLP genotype #1 (Type II clonal), #2 (Type III), #3 (Type II variant) and #10 (Type I) are identified globally. Genotypes #2 and #3 dominate in Africa, genotypes #9 (Chinese 1) and #10 are prevalent in Asia, genotypes #1, #2 and #3 are prevalent in Europe, genotypes #1, #2, #3, #4 and #5 dominate in North America (#4 and #5 are collectively known as Type 12). In Central and South America, there is no clear dominance of any genotype even though a few have relatively higher frequencies. Statistical analysis indicates significant differences among populations in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central and South America, with only Europe and North America exhibiting similar diversity. Collectively, the results revealed distinct population structures and geographical patterns of diversity in T. gondii.

Aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are among the most serious pests for citrus cultivation throughout the world causing substantial crop damages. Accurate identification of aphids to the species level can be difficult, though being crucial for their effective management. In this study, a molecular diagnostic assay for distinguishing eleven aphid species was developed. A fragment of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (mtCOI) gene was used and a Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR–FLP) analysis with five restriction enzymes, based on DNA sequence polymorphisms, was applied to differentiate the eleven aphid species. This molecular technique allows aphid species at any life stage to be discriminated accurately and simply and can be a useful tool for monitoring the populations of economically important aphid species.

In this study, ten multilocus PCR-RFLP markers were used for genotyping of T. gondii in six cats; that were seropositive by MAT test. These markers include SAG1, SAG2 (5-SAG2, 3-SAG2 and Alt.SAG2), SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Eight T. gondii reference strains (GT1, PTG, CTG, TgCgCa1, MAS, TgCatBr5, TgCatBr64 and TgToucan) were used as positive controls for genotyping. Sample A20-1 was type III by one marker (GRA6), while sample A9-2 was type III by four markers (SAG3, BTUB, c22-8 and c29-2) and sample A20-2 was type III by four markers (SAG1, SAG3, BTUB and c29-2). Hence, it could be concluded that the strain of T. gondii in Kurdistan stray cats is likely the type III.

Yves Donald Kagambèga,1,2,* Abdoul Karim Ouattara,1,2,* Teega-Wendé Clarisse Ouédraogo,2,3 Lassina Traoré,2,3 Nobila Valentin Yaméogo,4 Jacques Simpore1,2 1Biological Sciences, Université Norbert Zongo/ Centre Universitaire de Manga, Koudougou, Burkina Faso; 2Biochimie Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE) - Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Abdoul Karim Ouattara, Université Norbert Zongo/ Centre Universitaire de Manga, BP 376, Koudougou, Burkina Faso, Email abdoul-karim.ouattara@unz.bfPurpose: The hepatic cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) superfamily plays a crucial role in converting clopidogrel into its active form. Polymorphisms in CYP2C19 significantly contribute to the interindividual variability observed, often resulting in persistent thromboembolic complications. This study aimed to assess the frequency of the CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285, 681 G>A1) polymorphism among patients with cardiovascular diseases undergoing clopidogrel therapy.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a total of seventy-three (73) patients from the Cardiology Department of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO) between January and June 2023. DNA was extracted from blood samples for CYP2C19*2 genotyping using PCR-RFLP.Results: Genetic analysis revealed frequencies of 65.8% for the wild-type CYP2C19*1/*1, 28.8% for the heterozygous CYP2C19*1/*2, and 2.7% for the homozygous variant CYP2C19*2/*2. The distribution of the genotypic frequencies was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p> 0.05). The overall frequency of the CYP2C19*2 allele in the study population was 16.4%, with 12.5% observed in females and 19.5% in males.Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the frequency of the CYP2C19*2 polymorphism among cardiovascular patients in Burkina Faso, contributing to the limited data available on CYP2C19 polymorphisms in sub-Saharan Africa. The presence of loss-of-function alleles suggests a potential risk for reduced drug efficacy in a subset of individuals. As one of the pioneering studies in the region, these findings emphasize the importance of further research to understand the clinical implications of CYP2C19 polymorphisms.Keywords: CYP2C19, polymorphism, PCR-RFLP, cardiovascular diseases, clopidogrel, Burkina Faso

Pituitary specific transcription factor 1 (PIT-1) gene plays a critical role in the regulation of growth and development of muscle in chicken. This study was conducted to determine polymorphism of PIT-1 gene in FUNAAB Alpha chickens and its association with body weight and body morphometric traits (body length, thigh length, keel length wing span and wing length). Genomic DNA was extracted from ninety-seven (97) FUNAAB Alpha chickens at eight (8) weeks of age. Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP technique and growth parameters were also recorded. Results revealed alleles A and B with genotypes AA, AB and BB which were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body weight and body morphometric traits of chickens. BB genotype had the highest frequency of 0.52 compared with AA and AB genotypes which had 0.32 and 0.16, respectively. Particularly, the PIT-1 genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with body morphometric traits at 6th week. Also the interaction effect of PIT-1 genotypes and sex showed a significant (p < 0.05) association with body weight at 4th and 8th week, in which the BB males showed superior performance over the females. Our study concluded that PIT-1 gene at exon 6 was polymorphic and could be explored as biomarker for improvement of growth performance in FUNAAB Alpha chicken.