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Antlers are unique structures because they grow rapidly and are cast annually, representing an important energetic and mineral cost for deer. Variables related to the timing of antler growth, such as date of antler casting and length of growth period, therefore, should be affected by somatic resources and availability of food. We examined the effects of body and antler weight, age, and climatic variables, on antler casting date and the period of time antlers were grown as well as possible random effects of individual, year, cohort, and pedigree, based on 244 antlers in a population of 109 males of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus) over a 17-year study from 1999 to 2016. Body weight affected casting date, with heavier males casting antlers earlier than lighter males. Antlers also grew faster and were cast earlier among older males than young males. Antler weight influenced casting date and the duration of the growth period: males with heavier antlers cast them earlier and grow them faster than males with light antlers. Nevertheless, age and antler weight interacted; as such, older males grew their antlers slower and delay casting date because they produce heavier antlers, in contrast to younger males, where those with the heaviest antlers grow them faster and cast first. The date of the end of antler growth also influenced casting date, so that antlers that took the longest to develop were cast later than those that finished growing early. We conclude that older and heavier males cast their antlers earlier and grow them faster than younger and lighter males, likely to correlate the subsequent antler growth with the spring peak in plant nutrients, but that this early development is limited physiologically by the size of the antlers.

We aimed to examine the prevalence of distorted body weight perception (BWP) and the choice of weight control strategies to investigate the associations between the psychological features and the different strategies for controlling body weight. Method: We used a representative nationwide 39-item survey to randomly select 1,000 participants. The extrapolated number (eN) to the whole national population was also reported. Self-BWP, weight control strategies, and obesity-related psychological conditions including anxiety, self-esteem, body satisfaction, obesity-related quality-of-life (QoL), and eating attitudes were assessed. Results: Among men, 39.30% (eN = 5,887,137) underestimated, whereas 24.90% (eN = 3,290,847) of women overestimated their weight. In contrast to 2% (eN = 271,745) of men, 15.20% (eN = 2,012,262) of women sought medical support to control their weight. Men and women who used medical support for weight management and women who overestimated their weight reported the most unfavorable psychological conditions (anxiety, self-esteem, body satisfaction, QoL, and eating attitudes; p < .05). Conclusions: A prevalent burden of psychological problems related to distorted BWP and weight control strategies was revealed. People with distorted BWP and using medical procedures for their weight control could be at a higher risk of psychological disorders. Therefore, body weight-related psychological problems call for urgent public health policies. Examinar la prevalencia de percepción distorsionada del peso corporal (BWP) y elección de estrategias de control de peso para investigar asociaciones entre características psicológicas y diferentes estrategias para controlar el peso corporal. Método: Encuesta representativa de 39 ítems a nivel nacional para seleccionar al azar a 1,000 participantes. Se informó número extrapolado (eN) a toda la población nacional. Se evaluaron auto-BWP, estrategias de control de peso y condiciones psicológicas relacionadas con obesidad, ansiedad, autoestima, satisfacción corporal, calidad de vida (QoL) relacionada con la obesidad y actitudes alimentarias. Resultados: Entre los hombres, el 39,30% (eN = 5,887,137) subestimó, mientras que el 24,90% (eN = 3,290,847) de mujeres sobreestimó su peso. A diferencia del 2% (eN = 271,745) de los hombres, el 15,20% (eN = 2,012,262) de mujeres buscó apoyo médico para controlar su peso. Hombres y mujeres que utilizaron apoyo médico para el control de peso y mujeres que sobreestimaron su peso informaron condiciones psicológicas más desfavorables (ansiedad, autoestima, satisfacción corporal, calidad de vida y actitudes alimentarias; p <  0,05). Conclusiones: Preponderancia de carga de problemas psicológicos relacionadas con BWP distorsionadas y estrategias para el control de peso. Personas con BWP distorsionadas usando procedimientos médicos para el control de peso podrían tener mayor riesgo de trastornos psicológicos. Problemas psicológicos relacionados con peso corporal exigen políticas de salud pública.

Background: A single, 200-mg iron injection for newborn pigs is a common practice in swine production. It is required to provide sufficient iron for newborn pigs while avoiding the potential risk of excessive amount of iron causing oxidative stress. Objective: To evaluate the quantity and timing of a single or second iron injection into suckling piglets on growth performance and hematocrit levels. Methods: A total of 24 piglets from 4 litters were used in each experiment (3). Treatments were: Experiment 1- 1) Control: 150 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age, 2) Iron14: additional 100 mg iron injection at 14 d before weaning, and 3) Iron7: additional 100 mg iron injection at 7 d before weaning; Experiment 2- 1) Control: 100 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age, 2) Iron100/100: 100 mg iron at d 1-3 of age and 9 d after the first injection, and 3) Iron200: 200 mg iron injection at d 1-3 of age; and Experiment 3 (at d 3-4 of age)- 1) Fe100: 100 mg iron injection, 2) Fe200: 200 mg iron injection, and 3) BW200: 125 mg iron injection/kg body weight. Pigs were weaned at d 25-28 of age. Growth performance and hematocrit levels were measured until d 13-14 postweaning. Results: In Experiment 1, the Iron14 treatment had a greater final body weight than the control treatment (p=0.07). Hematocrit levels were greater in the Iron14 (p=0.10) and Iron7 (p<0.05) treatments than in the control treatment at d 14 postweaning. In Experiment 2, average daily gain in the postweaning period was greater in the Iron100/100 treatment than in the control (p<0.05) and Iron200 (p=0.08) treatments. Hematocrit levels in the Iron200 treatment were greater than those in the control treatment (p<0.05) at d 13 postweaning. In Experiment 3, there was no difference in growth performance, but the BW200 treatment increased hematocrit levels to a greater degree than the Fe200 treatment (p<0.10). Conclusion: An additional iron injection earlier and a split iron injection to newborn pigs could benefit postweaning growth, but not by body weight-based iron injection. Hematocrit levels increase with a greater dose of iron injected although the magnitude varies depending on injection strategies.

This study aims to analyze: (1) The effect of complex training methods and circuit body weight training on increasing leg muscle power and arm muscle strength of basketball athletes and (2) the difference in the influence between complex training methods and circuit body weight training on increasing leg muscle power and arm muscle strength of basketball athletes. This type of research is an experiment with the design of two groups pre-test and post-test. The sample in this study amounted to 70 athletes taken using random sampling techniques. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of athletes, namely the group given the complex training method of as many as 35 athletes and the group of athletes given the circuit bodyweight training method of as many as 35 athletes. The instruments used are to measure leg muscle power, namely the vertical jump test, and to measure hand muscle strength using an expanding dynamometer. The data analysis technique used is an independent sample t-test followed by a paired sample t-test. The results showed that: 1) There was a significant effect of complex training methods and circuit body weight training on increasing leg muscle power and arm muscle strength of basketball athletes with a significance value smaller than 0.05 (p < 0.05). 2) There is a significant difference in influence between the groups given the complex training method and circuit body weight training on increasing leg muscle power and arm muscle strength of basketball athletes, it is proven that the average value of leg muscle power in the athlete group given the complex training method is 143.5 kg/sec while the average value of leg muscle power in the circuit body weigh training method group is 120.5 kg/sec with an average difference in post-test 23 kg/sec. Furthermore, the average value of arm muscle strength in the complex training method group was 38.00 kg while the average value of hand muscle strength in the circuit bodyweight training method group was 32.10 kg with an average post-test difference of 5.9 kg. So it can be concluded that the basketball athlete group given the complex training method treatment has better leg muscle power and arm muscle strength compared to the circuit bodyweight training group. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar: (1) el efecto de los métodos de entrenamiento complejos y el entrenamiento con peso corporal en circuito en el aumento de la potencia muscular de las piernas y la fuerza muscular de los brazos de los atletas de baloncesto y (2) la diferencia en la influencia entre los métodos de entrenamiento complejos y el entrenamiento con el peso corporal en circuito en el aumento de la potencia muscular de las piernas y la fuerza muscular de los brazos de los atletas de baloncesto. Este tipo de investigación es un experimento con el diseño de dos grupos pre-test y post-test. La muestra de este estudio fue de 70 atletas tomados mediante técnicas de muestreo aleatorio. Los sujetos se dividieron en 2 grupos de atletas, a saber, el grupo al que se le dio el método de entrenamiento complejo de hasta 35 atletas y el grupo de atletas al que se le dio el método de entrenamiento de peso corporal de circuito de hasta 35 atletas. Los instrumentos utilizados son para medir la fuerza muscular de las piernas, es decir, la prueba de salto vertical, y para medir la fuerza muscular de la mano utilizando un dinamómetro expansivo. La técnica de análisis de datos utilizada es una prueba t de muestra independiente seguida de una prueba t de muestra pareada. Los resultados mostraron que: 1) Hubo un efecto significativo de los métodos de entrenamiento complejos y el entrenamiento con peso corporal en circuito en el aumento de la potencia muscular de las piernas y la fuerza muscular de los brazos de los atletas de baloncesto con un valor de significación menor que 0,05 (p < 0,05). 2) Existe una diferencia significativa en la influencia entre los grupos dado el método de entrenamiento complejo y el entrenamiento con peso corporal en circuito en el aumento de la potencia muscular de las piernas y la fuerza muscular de los brazos de los atletas de baloncesto, está demostrado que el valor promedio de la potencia muscular de las piernas en el grupo de atletas dado el método de entrenamiento complejo es de 143,5 kg / seg, mientras que el valor promedio de la potencia muscular de las piernas en el grupo del método de entrenamiento de peso corporal del circuito es de 120,5 kg/seg con una diferencia media en el post-test de 23 kg/seg. Además, el valor medio de la fuerza muscular del brazo en el grupo del método de entrenamiento complejo fue de 38,00 kg, mientras que el valor medio de la fuerza muscular de la mano en el grupo del método de entrenamiento con el peso corporal en circuito fue de 32,10 kg con una diferencia media post-test de 5,9 kg. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que el grupo de atletas de baloncesto dado el tratamiento con el método de entrenamiento complejo tiene una mejor potencia muscular en las piernas y la fuerza muscular en los brazos en comparación con el grupo de entrenamiento con peso corporal en circuito.

Background: Assessment of animal growth based on live weight (LW) in traditional sheep production systems is limited by the high cost of purchase and maintenance of livestock scales. Objective: To develop and evaluate equations for LW prediction using heart girth (HG) in growing Pelibuey sheep. Methods: A dataset (n=415) of clinically healthy male Pelibuey sheep from two months to one year of age, with an average LW of 25.96 ± 10.25 kg and HG of 68.31 ± 10.53 cm, were used. Three equations were evaluated: LW (kg) = −37.70 + 0.93 × HG (Eq. 1); LW (kg) = −1.74 + 0.19 × HG + 0.008 × HG2 (Eq. 2); and LW (kg) = 0.003 × HG2.68 (Eq. 3). Results: The correlation coefficient between LW and HG was r = 0.94 (p<0.001). The three equations showed a high concordance correlation coefficient (CCCs≥0.97). However, the random error was the main component of the mean square partition of the prediction error (≥82.78%) only for Eqs. 1 and 2. The test for parameter identity (intercept=0; slope=1) was accepted only for Eq. 2 (p>0.05). On the other hand, for Eqs. 1 and 3 the intercept was different from zero and the slope was different from one (p<0.05). Conclusion: The second-degree equation accurately and precisely estimated body weight of growing Pelibuey sheep using the HG as a sole predictor variable.

Excessive consumption of high-fat food has been associated with increased prevalence of obesity. The physiological and metabolic effects of high-fat diets have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the behavioral mechanisms associated with the development of obesity induced by consumption of these diets has been less explored. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the changes in the behavioral feeding patterns produced by the consumption of a high-fat diet during 10 days. Male Wistar rats with free access to food were assigned to one of two groups, and for 10 days, they had access to a high- fat diet (45 % calories from fat) or to a standard diet. Detailed analysis of feeding behavior was performed on days 1, 5 and 10 at the beginning of the dark period. The results showed that subjects exposed to the high-fat diet accumulated more body fat and showed increased feeding efficiency, in absence of excessive body weight increase or alterations in the behavioral satiety sequence pattern. These findings suggest that exposure to high-fat diets may produce behavioral changes before excessive gain of body weight occurs, primarily affecting control mechanisms of feeding efficiency.  

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate the content and appearance of a serial album for children aged from 7 to 10 years addressing the topic of prevention and control of body weight. Method: methodological study with descriptive nature. The validation process was attended by 33 specialists in educational technologies and/or in excess of infantile weight. The agreement index of 80% was the minimum considered to guarantee the validation of the material. Results: most of the specialists had a doctoral degree and a graduate degree in nursing. Regarding content, illustrations, layout and relevance, all items were validated and 69.7% of the experts considered the album as great. The overall agreement validation index for the educational technology was 0.88. Only the script-sheet 3 did not reach the cutoff point of the content validation index. Changes were made to the material, such as title change, inclusion of the school context and insertion of nutritionist and physical educator in the story narrated in the album. Conclusion: the proposed serial album was considered valid by experts regarding content and appearance, suggesting that this technology has the potential to contribute in health education by promoting healthy weight in the age group of 7 to 10 years. RESUMO Objetivo: validar o conteúdo e a aparência de álbum seriado para crianças de 7 a 10 anos abordando o tema prevenção e controle do peso corporal. Método: estudo metodológico, de natureza descritiva. O processo de validação teve participação de 33 especialistas em tecnologias educativas e/ou em excesso de peso infantil. Foi considerado o índice de concordância de no mínimo 80% para se garantir a validação do material. Resultados: a maioria dos especialistas tinha doutorado e era graduada em enfermagem. Quanto ao conteúdo, ilustrações, layout e relevância, todos os itens foram validados e 69,7% dos especialistas consideraram o álbum como ótimo. O índice de validação de concordância global da tecnologia educativa foi 0,88. Apenas a ficha-roteiro 3 não atingiu o ponto de corte do índice de validação do conteúdo. Foram realizadas alterações no material, tais como mudança do título, inclusão do contexto escolar e inserção de nutricionista e educador físico na estória narrada no álbum. Conclusão: o álbum seriado proposto foi considerado válido por especialistas quanto ao conteúdo e aparência, sugerindo que esta tecnologia tem potencial para contribuir na educação em saúde sobre promoção do peso saudável na faixa etária de 7 a 10 anos. RESUMEN Objetivo: validar el contenido y la apariencia del álbum seriado para niños de 7 a 10 años, abordando el tema prevención y control del peso corporal. Método: estudio metodológico, de naturaleza descriptiva. El proceso de validez tuvo la participación de 33 especialistas en tecnologías educativas y/o en exceso de peso infantil. Fue considerado el índice de concordancia de lo mínimo 80% para garantizar la validez del material. Resultados: la mayoría de los especialistas tenía doctorado y era graduado en enfermería. Sobre al contenido, ilustraciones, layout y relevancia, todos los ítems fueron validados y 69,7% de los especialistas consideraron el álbum como óptimo. El índice de validez de concordancia global de la tecnología educativa fue 0,88. Apenas la ficha-guía 3 no consiguió el punto de cohorte del índice de validez del contenido. Fueron realizadas alteraciones en el material, tales como: cambio del título, inclusión del contexto escolar e inserción de nutricionista y educador físico en la historia narrada en el álbum. Conclusión: el álbum seriado propuesto fue considerado válido por especialistas sobre el contenido y apariencia, sugiriendo que esta tecnología tiene potencial para contribuir en la educación en salud sobre promoción del peso sano en el grupo de edad de 7 a 10 años.

Undernutrition continues to be a primary cause of ill-health and premature mortality among children in developing countries. This paper examines how the prevalence of undernutrition in children is measured and argues that the standard indices of stunting, wasting and underweight may each be underestimating the scale of the problem. This has important implications for policy-makers, planners and organizations seeking to meet international development targets. Using anthropometric data on 24 396 children in India, we constructed an alternative composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and compared it with conventional indices. The CIAF examines the relationship between distinct subgroups of anthropometric failure, poverty and morbidity, showing that children with multiple anthropometric failures are at a greater risk of morbidity and are more likely to come from poorer households. While recognizing that stunting, wasting and underweight reflect distinct biological processes of clear importance, the CIAF is the only measure that provides a single, aggregated figure of the number of undernourished children in a population.

RESUMEN: Introducción: Para controlar la obesidad gestacional es necesario diseñar e implementar intervenciones para mejorar la calidad de la alimentación y actividad física. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de una intervención psicoeducativa de enfermería para el control del peso gestacional en mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimetal. La muestra final fue de 34 participantes; n1=17 y n2=17. La intervención psicoeducativa consistió en 12 sesiones, que incluyó técnicas educativas, cognitivo conductuales y yoga prenatal, durante ocho semanas. El grupo control recibió atención rutinaria y adicional un folleto informativo de nutrición saludable. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas antes y después de la intervención, así como la tasa de retención en la intervención y la satisfacción de los participantes. Resultados: Las mujeres embarazadas que participaron en la intervención presentaron menor aumento de peso gestacional que las del grupo control ( D 1 = 5.17 ± 3.01 vs. ( 𝐷 2 = 8.03 ± 4.06; t = -2.32, gl = 32, p = .026). La intervención resultó factible, dado que el 80% cumplió con las sesiones programadas y una aceptabilidad satisfactoria, el 76.5% de las participantes mencionó que la calidad del programa era excelente y el 100% mencionó que recibió la ayuda que esperaba. Conclusión: La intervención psicoeducativa favorece el control peso gestacional en el grupo experimental comparado con el grupo control. Las intervenciones psicoeducativas son recomendables para el manejo del aumento del peso durante el embarazo.

Objetivo: describir los patrones de actividad física de una cohorte de gestantes de nuestro medio y explorar su asociación con la ganancia de peso en cada uno de los trimestres del embarazo. Método: estudio descriptivo longitudinal sobre una muestra de 151 mujeres. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física para evaluar la actividad física durante el embarazo en función del volumen, intensidad y ámbito de realización. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para analizar la asociación entre actividad física y ganancia de peso gestacional. Resultados: la actividad física disminuyó durante el embarazo, tanto en tiempo como en intensidad. El índice de masa corporal pre-gestacional fue el principal factor asociado con una menor ganancia de peso a lo largo de todo el embarazo. La influencia de la actividad física sobre la ganancia de peso gestacional se limitó al tercer trimestre del embarazo en el que se observó una asociación inversa entre ambas variables. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio muestran un importante descenso de la actividad física en la época del embarazo y sugieren una influencia limitada de ésta sobre la ganancia de peso gestacional. Objective: to describe the physical activity patterns of a cohort comprised by pregnant women from our environment and to explore its association with weight gain in each of the trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: a descriptive and longitudinal study conducted with a sample of 151 women. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity during pregnancy based on volume, intensity and setting where it is performed. Different multiple linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between physical activity and gestational weight gain Results: physical activity decreased during pregnancy, both in terms of time and intensity. Pre-gestational Body Mass Index was the main factor associated with lower weight gain throughout pregnancy. The influence of physical activity on gestational weight gain was limited to the third trimester of pregnancy, where an inverse association was observed between both variables. Conclusion: the results of this study show an important reduction in physical activity during pregnancy and suggest that it exerts a limited influence on gestational weight gain Objetivo: descrever os padrões de atividade física de uma coorte de gestantes em nosso meio e explorar sua associação com o ganho de peso em cada um dos trimestres de gestação. Método: estudo descritivo longitudinal com uma amostra de 151 mulheres. O Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física foi utilizado para avaliar a atividade física durante a gestação de acordo com o volume, intensidade e escopo do desempenho. Diferentes modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados para analisar a associação entre atividade física e ganho de peso gestacional. Resultados: a atividade física diminuiu durante a gestação, tanto em tempo quanto em intensidade. O índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional foi o principal fator associado ao menor ganho de peso ao longo da gestação. A influência da atividade física no ganho de peso gestacional limitou-se ao terceiro trimestre de gestação, no qual foi observada associação inversa entre ambas as variáveis. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo mostram uma diminuição significativa da atividade física no momento da gravidez e sugerem uma influência limitada desta no ganho de peso gestacional.