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The devil's element : phosphorus and a world out of balance
The story of phosphorus spans the globe and vast tracts of human history. The race to mine phosphorus took people from the battlefields of Waterloo, which were looted for the bones of fallen soldiers, to the fabled guano islands off Peru, the Bone Valley of Florida, and the sand dunes of the Western Sahara. Over the past century, phosphorus has made farming vastly more productive, feeding the enormous increase in the human population. Yet, as the author harrowingly reports, our overreliance on this vital crop nutrient is causing toxic algae blooms and \"dead zones\" in waterways from the coasts of Florida to the Mississippi River basin to the Great Lakes and beyond. This book also explores the alarming reality that diminishing access to phosphorus poses a threat to the food system worldwide--which risks rising conflict and even war. -- Adapted from publisher's description.
Book
Phosphorus - Polluter and Resource of the Future - Removal and Recovery from Wastewater
Phosphorus has always been both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, it is essential for all life forms and cannot be replaced by anything. On the other hand, wastewater treatment aims to minimize phosphorus concentrations in wastewater in order to minimize its discharge into rivers and lakes, where eutrophication caused by high phosphorus concentrations would lead to excessive plant growth. Phosphorus is extracted from rock phosphate deposits, which are finite and non-renewable. And as the issue of resource conservation is the focus of attention worldwide, phosphorus must be used sustainably. This includes recycling of secondary phosphates, efficient extraction and treatment of raw phosphate as well as its efficient use.
eBook
Phosphorus dynamics in vegetated buffer strips in cold climates: A review
The movement of excess phosphorus (P) into streams, rivers and lakes poses a significant threat to water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems and thus P has been targeted for reduction. In landscapes dominated by agriculture, P is primarily transported through non-point sources which a number of best management practices aim to target. One such practice is vegetated buffer strips (VBS), which are designed to use dense vegetation above the surface and extensive root systems below the surface to reduce runoff velocity, trap sediments, increase infiltration, and increase plant uptake of nutrients. The effectiveness of VBS in reducing P concentrations has been studied and reviewed, but most studies have been undertaken in warm or temperate climates, where runoff is primarily driven through summer rainfall events, and when vegetation is actively growing. In cold climates, the majority of runoff occurs during the snowmelt period when vegetation is not actively taking up nutrients, has been flattened by snow and ice over the winter period, and when soils are frozen. These conditions hinder the ability for VBS to work as designed. Additionally, frozen vegetation can release P after undergoing freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). Thus, this review aimed to: i) summarize research designed to determine the effectiveness of VBS to reduce P transport undertaken in cold climates; ii) collate research on the potential for vegetation to release P after undergoing FTCs; and iii) identify research gaps to be addressed in determining VBS effectiveness in cold climates. Cold climate VBS implemented in Canada, the northern United States, and northern Europe have shown P removal efficiencies ranging from -36% to +89%, a range that pinpoints the uncertainty surrounding the use of VBS in these landscapes. However, there is consensus in research globally that vegetation does release P after undergoing FTCs, though P concentrations from different species vary across studies. The design and management of VBS in cold climates requires careful consideration and may not always be the best management strategy to reduce P transport. Future research should be undertaken at a larger scale in natural systems and focus on VBS design and management strategies.
Journal Article
Impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality and plankton communities in the Day River (Red River Delta, Vietnam)
Plankton are a major component of food web structure in aquatic ecosystems. Their distribution and community structure are driven by the combination and interactions between physical, chemical, and biological factors within the environment. In the present study, water quality and the community structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton were monthly investigated from January to December 2015 at 11 sampling sites along the gradient course of the Day River (Red River Delta, northern Vietnam). The study demonstrated that the Day River was eutrophic with the average values of total phosphorus concentration 0.17 mg/L, total nitrogen concentration 1.98 mg/L, and Chl a 54 mu g/L. Microscopic plankton analysis showed that phytoplankton comprised 87 species belonging to seven groups in which Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanobacteria accounted for the most important constituents of the river's phytoplankton assemblage. A total 53 zooplankton species belonging to three main groups including Copepoda, Cladocera, and Rotatoria were identified. Plankton biomass values were greatest in rainy season (3002.10-3 cell/L for phytoplankton and 12.573 individuals/m(3) for zooplankton). Using principal correspondence and Pearson correlation analyses, it was found that the Day River was divided into three main site groups based on water quality and characteristics of plankton community. Temperature and nutrients (total phosphorus and total nitrogen) are key factors regulating plankton abundance and distribution in the Day River.
Journal Article
Effect of Soil Properties and Vegetation Characteristics in Determining the Frequency of Burgundy Truffle Fruiting Bodies in Southern Poland
The Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) has a wide-ranging distribution across Europe, yet its ecology is far from being well understood. For instance, although the literature on the ecophysiology of this species is dominated by the symbiosis with deciduous hosts, the real range of hosts in nature seems to be much wider than the current distribution of T. aestivum. The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of abiotic (soil) and biotic (vegetation) properties in determining the performance of T. aestivum in this pioneering stage of research on truffles in Poland. Soil parameters influenced the formation of T. aestivum fruiting bodies more strongly than plant composition. The number of fruiting bodies increased with increasing concentration of soil calcium and phosphorus. The number of plant species was the only significant predictor among the investigated vegetation characteristics. The influence of this predictor was positive, as an increasing number of fruiting bodies was found when the number of plant species was higher. The presence of truffle fruiting bodies was significantly correlated with the presence of five plant species, viz.: Brachypodium sylvaticum, Cephalanthera damasonium, Cornus sanguinea, Sanicula europaea and Viola mirabilis.
Journal Article
Simulating phosphorus loss to subsurface tile drainage flow: a review
Agricultural land is a major source of phosphorus (P) loss, and artificial drainage is one of the pathways for phosphorus transport. In this paper, we reviewed the methods and equations related to phosphorus loss through subsurface tile drain in water quality models. This review is presented through three topics: subsurface hydrology, fate and transport of phosphorus in soil, and phosphorus transport into tile drains. Major simulation methods and some recent updates are reviewed, and calculations in specific models are presented. Nine existing water quality models (ADAPT, ANIMO, APEX, EPIC, HYDRUS, ICECREAM, MACRO, PLEASE, SWAP) can be used to simulate P transport to tile drainage, where three of them (HYDRUS, MACRO, SWAP) do not have a specific phosphorus module but P can be simulated using a general chemical module. Models that are not suitable for simulating fate and transport of P to tile drains under their current status, for example, AnnAGNPS, DRAINMOD, GLEAMS, RZWQM2, SurPhos, SWAT, are also reviewed due to their strength in one of the aspects: subsurface drainage or P dynamics. Based on the methods used in those models, ICECREAM could be the most current comprehensive model for P loss through tile drains from agricultural fields.
Journal Article
Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity
In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20th and 40th day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.
Journal Article
Phosphorus Chemistry
The book is the first thorough study of the role of phosphorus chemistry in the origin of life. This book starts with depiction of the phosphorus role in life creation and evolution. Then it outlines in vital processes how different phosphorus-containing compounds participate as biomarker in life evolution. Written by renowned scientists, it is suitable for researchers and students in organic phosphorus chemistry and biochemistry.
eBook
A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents
Global biogeochemical models have improved dramatically in the last decade in their representation of the biosphere. Although leaf area data are an important input to such models and are readily available globally, global root distributions for modeling water and nutrient uptake and carbon cycling have not been available. This analysis provides global distributions for fine root biomass, length, and surface area with depth in the soil, and global estimates of nutrient pools in fine roots. Calculated root surface area is almost always greater than leaf area, more than an order of magnitude so in grasslands. The average C:N:P ratio in living fine roots is 450:11:1, and global fine root carbon is more than 5% of all carbon contained in the atmosphere. Assuming conservatively that fine roots turn over once per year, they represent 33% of global annual net primary productivity.
Journal Article