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Radiosynovectomy is a treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that affects joints by injecting beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals into the synovial membrane of inflamed joints. In this study, we established 32 Phosphorus labelled hydroxyapatite ( 32 P-HAp) using gamma-irradiated hydroxyapatite material from bovine. Our results showed that gamma-irradiation of bovine HAp tends to agglomerate the particle and form a micro-sized HAp. In addition, irradiated HAp exhibited Ca/P ratio higher than non-irradiated HAp. The ex-vivo biodistribution studies exhibited a high accumulation of irradiated 32 P-HAp in the inflamed joints, resulting in good therapeutic effectiveness. Our study demonstrated the potential of 32 P-HAp from irradiated bovine hydroxyapatite for radiosynovectomy therapy.

Background: Poor intra-tumoural vascularity contributes to a lack of response to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancers. Preliminary data suggest that the addition of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided intra-tumoural injection of phosphorus-32 (32P) microparticles to standard chemotherapy is potentially beneficial in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). We aimed to assess changes in pancreatic tumour vascularity following 32P implantation, using contrast-enhanced EUS (CE-EUS). Methods: This was a prospective single-centre trial from January 2022 to 2024 of patients with unresectable, non-metastatic LAPC undergoing standard FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy and 32P implantation. We performed CE-EUS pre-implantation after two chemotherapy cycles and 4 and 12 weeks after implantation. Time–intensity curves were analysed for 90 s after IV contrast bolus to ascertain peak intensity and intensity gain. Results: A total of 20 patients underwent 32P implantation, with 15 completing 12-week follow-up. The technical success of 32P implantation was 100%. The median primary tumour size reduced from 32 mm (IQR 27.5–38.75) pre-implantation to 24 mm (IQR 16–26) 12 weeks post-implantation (p < 0.001). Five patients (25%) had tumour downstaging, and four underwent resections. The baseline (pre-implantation, post-chemotherapy) median intensity gain of contrast enhancement within the tumour was 32.15 (IQR 18.08–54.35). This increased to 46.85 (IQR 35.05–76.6; p = 0.007) and 66.3 (IQR 54.7–76.3; p = 0.001) at 4 weeks and 12 weeks post-implantation, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 11.2 months (IQR 7.8–12.8), 15/20 (75%) of patients remained alive, with 3/20 (15%) demonstrating local disease progression. Overall survival was not significantly different between patients with or without an increased intensity of 10 a.u. or more at 12 weeks post-implantation. Conclusion: This is the first clinical study to demonstrate treatment-induced increased vascularity within pancreatic primary tumours, which followed 32P implantation and FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy. Larger comparative trials are warranted.

Silicone patch has active ingredient of radioisotope Phosphorus-32 (32P) in the form of chromic phosphate (Cr32PO4). Radioisotope 32P is a β− (beta) emitter radionuclide with an energy of 1.71 MeV, having a half-life (T½) 14.3 days. A silicone patch with radioactive content of the radioisotope 32P has been used for keloid therapy. Radioisotope 32P as an active substance releases beta emitter continuously which causes the death of fibroblast and inhibits cell proliferation from keloid. In order to provide more optimal results, the distribution of chromic phosphate in silicone patches should be spread evenly. In this case, it provides a good therapeutic effect because of the energy of beta emitter is being released uniform. A chromic phosphate can be made from chromic acid reduction (redox) and phosphoric acid-containing radioisotope 32P by reducing Chrom VI to Chrom III using sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) reducing agent. In this study, we will determine the distribution of radioisotope 32P in silicone patches using an autoradiography scanner. Data from enumeration results were calculated statistically to obtain a relative standard deviation (RSD). The result shows that silicone patch sample has RSD of 0.036% with an average value of 14009482.6 ± 5041.4DLU (digital light unit) for lane and column size (10 x 14).

In-stent restenosis is a major limitation of intracoronary stenting. Ionising γ radiation has been shown to reduce recurrence of restenosis after stent placement. We aimed to compare the effects of intracoronary β radiation treatment with those of placebo for clinical and angiographic outcomes of patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis. 332 patients with in-stent restenosis underwent successful coronary intervention, and were then randomly allocated to intracoronary β radiation with a phosphorus-32 source (n=166) or placebo (166) delivered into a centreing balloon catheter through an automatic afterloader. Longer lesions (>22 mm of dilated length) were treated with tandem positioning of the study wire. The primary safety endpoint was major adverse cardiac events, defined as death, myocardial infarction, and repeat target-lesion revascularisation at 9 months. The primary efficacy endpoint was binary angiographic restenosis rate in the analysis segment during 9-months' follow-up. Analysis was by intention to treat. Procedural success, and in-hospital and 30-day complications were similar among the two groups. 24 (15%) patients in the radiated group had the primary safety endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or repeat targetlesion revascularisation over 290 days compared with 15 (31%) in the placebo group (difference 16% [95% CI 7–25], p=0·0006). Binary angiographic restenosis rate was lower in the radiated group than the placebo group for the entire analysed segment (difference 25% [14–37], p<0·0001). Vascular brachytherapy using pure β-emitter 32P delivered into a centreing catheter via an automatic afterloader can be used to reduce overall revascularisation in patients undergoing treatment for diffuse in-stent restenosis.

Radioisotopes that emit electrons (beta particles), such as radioiodine, can effectively kill target cells, including cancer cells. Aqueous 32P[PO4] is a pure beta-emitter that has been used for several decades to treat non-malignant human myeloproliferative diseases. 32P[PO4] was directly compared to a more powerful pure beta-emitter, the clinically important 90Y isotope. In vitro, 32P[PO4] was more effective at killing cells than was the more powerful isotope 90Y (P ≤ 0.001) and also caused substantially more double-stranded DNA breaks than did 90Y. In vivo, a single low-dose intravenous dose of aqueous elemental 32P significantly inhibited tumor growth in the syngeneic murine cancer model (P ≤ 0.001). This effect is exerted by direct incorporation into nascent DNA chains, resulting in double-stranded breakage, a unique mechanism not duplicatable by other, more powerful electron-emitting radioisotopes. 32P[PO4] should be considered for human clinical trials as a potential novel anti-cancer drug.

Radiosynovectomy is a therapy performed on patients with acute-level arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis) as an alternative solution besides surgery. Radiosynovectomy is performed using a labeled compound with a particle size of 0.5-10 μm labeled with a β radioisotope. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a 1-10 μm-sized compound found in bones with the components of Calcium (Ca) & Phosphorus (P). Phosphorus-32 (32P) is a radioactive form of Phosphorus which emits pure beta rays and is often used for therapy. Labelling HA with 32P tends to be easy to do with a substitution reaction, because phosphorus is the main constituent of HA. Phosphorus-32 was made by irradiating natural sulfur at the Bandung TRIGA 2000 reactor facility following the 32S (n, p) 32P reaction mechanism. The separation process of Phosphorus-32 was carried out by a distillation method followed by extraction with 0.01 N HCl accompanied by heating for 30 minutes. The Phosphorus-32 solution is then passed through a 3 gr cation exchange resin. Before Phosphorus-32 was used for Labelling of HA, a Radionuclide Purity test was performed with a gamma-MCA spectrophotometer and a Radiochemical Purity test using paper chromatography. The test results showed Phosphorus-32 had Radionuclide Purity > 99.99% and Radiochemical Purity > 96%. 0.5 mCi Phosphorus-32 which meets the quality test requirements is reacted with 7 mg Ha at pH 7. Then it is vortexed at 1500 rpm for 60 minutes with 70 ° C heating. HA-32P is separated using centrifugation into residual and supernatant fractions. Measure the radioactivity of both fractions with a dose calibrator. Labeling Yield HA with Phosphorus-32 was obtained 98%. Furthermore this HA is ready to be used in in vivo tests for radiosynovectomy.

In this study, the dependence of TDCR Cerenkov counting technique on sample geometry, vial material and instrument type was studied. Various volume sets of color quenched samples spiked with yttrium-90, phosphorus-32, strontium-89, and bismuth-210 were prepared in 20-mL polyethylene scintillation (PE) vial, low-potassium borosilicate glass scintillation vial and 7-mL PE vial and then were measured by TDCR liquid scintillation analyzer (LSA), Hidex 300SL, Hidex 300SLL and LSA 3000. The results showed that in case of low color quench, dependence of TDCR Cerenkov counting technique on sample volume (in the volume range of 8–20 mL), vial type (7 and 20-mL) was negligible. The effect of vial material on the TDCR Cerenkov counting technique varied from decay energy of radionuclides and type of TDCR LSA. Additionally, TDCR Cerenkov curves of Hidex LSA agreed well with each other, and deviated from those of LSA 3000.

The use of beta radiation in treating superficial skin tumors can be advantageous, especially when there is a bone or cartilage located right beneath the tumor. The few-millimeter range of this radiation in tissue may enhance the protection of the sensitive structure around the tumor when the treatment is delivered. However, besides its advantages, this short range of beta radiation has its own disadvantages when it comes to practical dosimetry. Therefore, simulation and calculation methods are used when experimental dosimetry is challenging or unfeasible. MC simulation is a powerful technique that offers enormous flexibility in simulating the study setup, making it the method of choice in nonexperimental dosimetry. However, they can be computationally heavy techniques. Analytical methods are another set of techniques for dosimetry of beta radiation that can produce results faster than MC methods, although they are less favored because of the lower accuracy. In the current attempt, we used MC simulation and analytical calculation for dosimetry of radiation dose from a multiwell skin brachytherapy applicator with two beta sources. Results of the two approaches were compared to see how accurate the analytical method is.

Depositional fluxes of 32P, 33P and 7Be with atmospheric precipitations were studied in the Sevastopol region in the period from January 2016 through December 2016. It was shown that the average specific activity was 2.53 dpm L−1 for 33P, 2.29 dpm L−1 for 32P, and 240.5 dpm L−1 for 7Be. The average radionuclide fluxes in individual rainfall events were 12.51 and 13.95 dpm m−2 day−1 for 32P and 33P, respectively, the average ratio of 33P/32P being 1.11. The average flux of 7Be was 1177 dpm m−2 day−1. Using flux relationships of 32P vesus 7Be and 33P vesus 7Be monthly and annual flux values of 32P and 33P with atmospheric precipitations were calculated.

Background Radiosynovectomy (RSO) is widely used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Commercially available radiopharmaceuticals are costly, and therefore new agents may be of interest. Radiocolloids labelled with less costly and more accessible radionuclides are of interest to developing countries. We investigated the efficacy of different formulations in RA. Methods In a multicentre effort, a cohort of 99 RA patients with knee involvement underwent RSO. Sixty-eight patients were treated with 184 ± 4 MBq Y-90 silicate (Y-90), 15 patients with 53 ± 11 MBq P-32 colloid (P-32), and 16 patients with 451 ± 110 MBq of Re-188 tin colloid (Re-188). Corticosteroid group (CSG) consisting of 46 patients received an intra-articular instillation of 20–40 mg triamcinolone. Pain response was evaluated by a 10-step visual analogue scale (VAS) before, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months following the procedure. Results In the RSO group ( n  = 99), pain relief by VAS from 6 ± 2 before to 5 ± 3, 4 ± 2, 3 ± 2 and 4 ± 2 at 1, 3, 6, 12 months after RSO was documented (Y-90 group: 6 ± 2 to 3 ± 2; P-32: 5 ± 2 to 3 ± 2, Re-188: 7 ± 2 to 4 ± 2 before vs. 6 months after therapy, respectively). The CSG VAS values were 6 ± 2 before and 5 ± 2, 4 ± 3, 5 ± 2 and 6 ± 2 at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after corticosteroid instillation, respectively. Pain relief achieved with the three radiocolloid formulations did not differ significantly ( P  > 0.1). Pain relief at 12 months was more durable in RSO compared to CSG, P  < 0.05. At 3 months, pain relief (>2 steps) was reported by 86% of RSO versus 67% of CSG, at 6 months 72 versus 46% and at 12 months 46 versus 21%. Side effects, i.e. swelling or transient pain increase, were recorded in 16% of patients but resolved within 1 month. Conclusion Therapeutic efficacy of RSO for RA of the knee applying either P-32, Re-188 or Y-90 provides comparable results. Pain relief by RSO is longer lasting as compared to corticosteroid instillation.