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"PIGMENTS"
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The art of colour : the history of art in 39 pigments
\"A captivating new history of art told through the storied biographies of colors and pigments. In this refreshing approach to the history of color, Kelly Grovier takes readers on an exciting search for the intriguing and unusual. In Grovier's telling, a color's connotations are never fixed but are endlessly evolving. Knowledge of a pigment and its history can unlock meaning in the works that feature it. Grovier employs the term \"artymology\" to suggest that color is a linguistic device, where pigments stand in for syllables in art's language. Color is the site of invigorating conflict--a battleground where past and present, influence and originality, and superstition and science merge into meanings that complicate and intensify our appreciation of a given work. How might it change our understanding of a well-known masterpiece like Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night to know that the intense yellow moon in that painting was sculpted from clumps of dehydrated urine from cows that were fed nothing but mango leaves? Or that the cobalt blue pigment in Van Gogh's sky shares a material bloodline with the glaze of Ming Dynasty porcelain? Consisting of ten chapters, each presenting a biography of a family of colors, this volume mines a rich vein of pigmentation from prehistoric cave painting to art of the present day. The book also includes beautifully designed features exploring important milestones in the history of color theory from the Enlightenment to the twentieth century.\"--Publisher's website.
Book
Before colors : where pigments and dyes come from
\"Colors don't come out of nothing. They always start somewhere . . . With something . . . With someone. Discover how color is harnessed from nature in this survey of dyes and pigments from around the world. Organized by color-from yellow to purple to red and more-Before Colors marries a lyrical core text with tons of informational material for curious readers. In the narrative text, readers will encounter markers and artists as they source and process materials, transforming the most unexpected things into vibrant pigments and dyes. The sidebars offer much more to discover, including extensive lists of specific shades, short bios of colorful characters, and more\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics
Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
Journal Article
Microalgae-Derived Pigments: A 10-Year Bibliometric Review and Industry and Market Trend Analysis
Microalgae productive chains are gaining importance as sustainable alternatives to obtain natural pigments. This work presents a review on the most promising pigments and microalgal sources by gathering trends from a 10-year bibliometric survey, a patents search, and an industrial and market analysis built from available market reports, projects and companies’ webpages. The performed analysis pointed out chlorophylls, phycocyanin, astaxanthin, and β-carotene as the most relevant pigments, and Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, and Dunaliella salina, respectively, as the most studied sources. Haematococcus is referred in the highest number of patents, corroborating a high technological interest in this microalga. The biorefinery concept, investment in projects and companies related to microalgae cultivation and/or pigment extraction is increasingly growing, particularly, for phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. These pieces of evidence are a step forward to consolidate the microalgal pigments market, which is expected to grow in the coming years, increasing the prospects of replacing synthetic pigments by natural counterparts.
Journal Article
Monascus secondary metabolites: production and biological activity
The genus Monascus, comprising nine species, can reproduce either vegetatively with filaments and conidia or sexually by the formation of ascospores. The most well-known species of genus Monascus, namely, M. purpureus, M. ruber and M. pilosus, are often used for rice fermentation to produce red yeast rice, a special product used either for food coloring or as a food supplement with positive effects on human health. The colored appearance (red, orange or yellow) of Monascus-fermented substrates is produced by a mixture of oligoketide pigments that are synthesized by a combination of polyketide and fatty acid synthases. The major pigments consist of pairs of yellow (ankaflavin and monascin), orange (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) and red (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) compounds; however, more than 20 other colored products have recently been isolated from fermented rice or culture media. In addition to pigments, a group of monacolin substances and the mycotoxin citrinin can be produced by Monascus. Various non-specific biological activities (antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulative and others) of these pigmented compounds are, at least partly, ascribed to their reaction with amino group-containing compounds, i.e. amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Monacolins, in the form of β-hydroxy acids, inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in animals and humans.
Journal Article
Optimization and characterization of red pigment production from an endophytic fungus, Nigrospora aurantiaca CMU-ZY2045, and its potential source of natural dye for use in textile dyeing
Some of the most important natural pigments have been produced from fungi and used for coloring in food, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceutical products. Forty-seven isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
in northern Thailand. Only one isolate, CMU-ZY2045, produced an extracellularly red pigment. This isolate was identified as
Nigrospora aurantiaca
based on morphological characteristics and the molecular phylogenetic analysis of a combined four loci (large subunit and internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes). The optimum conditions for red pigment production from this fungus were investigated. The results indicated that the highest red pigment yield was observed in the liquid medium containing glucose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source, at a pH value of 5.0 and at 27 °C with shaking for 5 days. The crude red pigment revealed the highest level of solubility in methanol. A fungal red pigment was found to have high stability at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C and pH values at a range of 5.0–6.0. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, the red pigment was characterized as bostrycin. The extracted pigment was used for the textile dyeing process. Crude fungal red pigment revealed the highest staining ability in cotton fabrics and displayed excellent fastness to washing, which showing negative cytotoxicity at the concentrations used to cell culture. This is the first report on bostrycin production from
N. aurantiaca
.
Journal Article