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This paper focuses on the political crises shaping Burmese1 peoples' im-mobilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. As governments around the world urged people to stay at home to be protected from infection and transmission, throughout 2021 many Burmese people protested the military coup of 1 February and fled Myanmar for safety. I problematize these movements of the Burmese peoples through the complex interplay between the triple C of (ethnic) conflict, COVID-19, and coup. I contend that, in Myanmar, adhering to COVID-19 measures emphasizing (self-)isolation and immobility was impossible as they served the military to suppress peoples' critique and protests regarding the government's coup and its mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, Burmese peoples' physical movements and political mobilisation were necessitated to fight against an ensuing political disempowerment of the people. In other words, the unfolding of the COVID-19 pandemic in correlation with long-standing 'ethnic' conflicts and a military coup required the Burmese peoples to carefully contest an internationally propagated so-called 'new norm' of self-isolation at home and other social distancing measures, which bore the risk of suppression and of renewing political isolation experienced since the country's first military government.

This article reports on changes in EFL learners' article choice performance before and after receiving lessons on the main rules applicable to article usage combined with dictionary consultation guidance. A sample of 43 Korean college students undertook the same forced-choice elicitation task once as a diagnostic test and again as a post-intervention test at three-month intervals. Unlike the diagnostic test, in which the participants were only asked to choose the correct articles, the post-intervention test asked them to give written accounts of their decision-making procedures as well. The analyses of the diagnostic test results, specifically the items requiring the indefinite article or the zero article, demonstrated EFL learners' struggle with indeterminate nominal numbers, underlining the importance of clear lexicographic treatment of such information. Further, the post-intervention test and the written think-aloud data analyses suggested that although using a bilingualised dictionary for nominal countability is useful in general, dictionary consultation can sometimes impede users from using articles correctly. Specific problem areas are discussed. 'n Leksikografiese benadering tot die onderrig van die Engelse lidwoordstelsel: 'n Hulp of 'n hindernis? In hierdie artikel word verslag gedoen oor veranderings in EVT-leerders se keuse van lidwoorde voor en nadat hulle lesse oor die hoofreëls wat van toepassing is op lidwoordgebruik asook leiding oor die raadpleging van woordeboeke ontvang het. 'n Steekproef van 43 Koreaanse kollegestudente het dieselfde opdrag uitgevoer waartydens gedwonge keuses ontlok is, een keer as 'n diagnostiese toets en weer as 'n postintervensietoets drie maande later. Anders as in die diagnostiese toets, waarin die deelnemers slegs die korrekte lidwoorde moes kies, is hulle in die postintervensietoets ook gevra om 'n geskrewe weergawe te gee van die besluitnemingsprosesse wat hulle gevolg het. Die ontleding van die diagnostiese toetsresultate, spesifiek die items wat die onbepaalde lidwoord of die zero-lidwoord vereis het, het getoon dat EVT-leerders sukkel met onbepaalde naamwoordgetalle, wat die belangrikheid van duidelike leksikografiese hantering van sodanige inligting beklemtoon het. Die postintervensietoets en die ontleding van die geskrewe hardop-dink-data het daarop gedui dat, alhoewel die gebruik van 'n verklarende woordeboek met vertalings oor die algemeen nuttig is vir nominale telbaarheid, die raadpleging van 'n woordeboek soms gebruikers kan verhinder om lidwoorde korrek te gebruik. Spesifieke probleemareas word bespreek.

This study examined the teachability of collocations through cultivating EFL learners' collocation dictionary skills. Fifty-nine EFL college students participated in the study, and they received two 75-minute instructions between pre- and post-tests: one on the definition of colloca-tion and its importance, and the other on the skill of looking up collocational information in the Naver Dictionary — an English–Korean online dictionary. During the second instruction, the stu-dents were trained to consult the dictionary for collocation production in the order of node word selection, word sense distinction, collocate type location, and feasible collocate identification. A comparison of collocation production test scores through a paired-samples t-test indicated that teaching collocation dictionary skills substantially improves learners' ability to produce natural collocations regardless of proficiency differences. In addition, the survey data collected at the end of the semester suggested that the participants perceive the instruction as necessary and helpful in gaining collocational competence and that their dictionary consultation behaviors have changed after receiving the instruction. Equipping EFL learners with collocation dictionary skills was also found to help them raise a sense of learner autonomy. \"Sowaar minimum inset, maksimum uitset!\" Die onderrig van kollokasies deur woordeboekvaardigheidsontwikkeling ten opsigte van kollokasies. Hierdie studie het die moontlikheid ondersoek om kollokasies te onderrig deur EVT-leerders se woordeboekvaardighede te ontwikkel ten opsigte van kollokasies. Nege-en-vyftig EVT-kollegestudente het aan die studie deelgeneem. Hulle het twee opleidingsessies van 75 minute elk tussen die aanvanklike en uiteindelike toetse ontvang: een oor die definisie van die kollokasie en sy belangrikheid, en die ander oor die vaardigheid om kollokasionele inligting in die Naver Woordeboek — 'n Engels–Koreaanse aanlyn woordeboek — op te soek. Tydens die tweede opleidingsessie is die studente opgelei om die woordeboek te raadpleeg vir die produksie van kollokasies in die volgorde van noduswoordseleksie, betekenisonderskeiding, die opsoek van kollokasiesoorte, en die identifisering van werkbare kollokasies. 'n Vergelyking van die resultate vir kollokasieproduksie deur 'n t-toets vir gepaarde steekproewe het getoon dat die onderrig van woordeboekvaardighede ten opsigte van kollokasies die leerders se vermoë om natuurlike kollokasies te produseer aansienlik verbeter het ondanks vaardigheidsverskille. Daarbenewens het die ondersoekdata wat aan die einde van die semester ingesamel is, daarop gedui dat die deelnemers die opleiding as noodsaaklik en nuttig beskou het om kollokasionele bevoegdheid te verwerf en dat hulle manier om woordeboeke te raadpleeg ná die opleiding verander het. Daar is bevind dat die toerus van EVT-leerders met woordeboekvaardighede ten opsigte van kollokasies help om 'n gevoel van selfstandigheid by leerders te wek.

Le vaste territoire de la Polynésie Française compte sept langues distinctes – tahitien, austral, rapa, mangarévien, marquisien du nord, marquisien du sud, pa’umotu – dotées à leur tour d’une forte variation interne. Fruit de dix ans de collaboration entre deux linguistes du CNRS, Jean-Michel Charpentier et Alexandre François, l’Atlas Linguistique de la Polynésie Française rend hommage à ce riche paysage linguistique et dialectal en documentant minutieusement vingt parlers différents du territoire, à l’aide de plus de 2250 cartes. Organisées thématiquement – corps, vie, individu et société, culture et techniques, flore et faune – ces cartes lexicales s’accompagnent de notes explicatives et d’index en français, anglais, tahitien. Des chapitres introductifs présentent le contexte social et la dynamique historique des langues de Polynésie Française, toutes plus ou moins fragilisées par la modernité. Publié en accès libre, cet ouvrage multilingue et comparatif s’adresse non seulement aux chercheurs et aux enseignants, mais aussi à tous ceux que passionne le patrimoine linguistique de cette région du Pacifique. The vast territory of French Polynesia is home to seven distinct languages – Tahitian, Austral, Rapa, Mangarevan, North Marquesan, South Marquesan, and Pa’umotu – which in turn show internal variation. The fruit of ten years of joint work by two linguists of French CNRS, Jean-Michel Charpentier and Alexandre François, the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia pays tribute to the rich linguistic landscape of the country by documenting thoroughly twenty different communalects, in the form of 2250 maps. Organised by topics (body, life, individual and society, culture and technology, flora and fauna), these lexical maps are supplemented by explanatory notes and indexes in French, English, Tahitian. Text chapters in French and English present the social profile and the historical dynamics of the territory’s languages, which are all endangered to various extents. Published in open access, this multilingual and comparative atlas provides an essential reference to scholars and teachers alike, as well as to a broader audience keen to explore and preserve the linguistic heritage of the Pacific region.

The Mittani empire is one of the most enigmatic political structures in Mesopotamian history. Reconstructing the emergence and the organisation of this state, whose territory encompassed Upper Mesopotamia touching the Levant and the piedmont plains of the Zagros in the East at the height of its power, is exceedingly difficult. Cuneiform specialists, archeologists and historians discuss the Mittani state with regard to modes of spatial organisation co- and preexisting in the region.

This book investigates the nature of regional variation in the early Chinese writing system through bamboo manuscripts and inscriptions dating from the late pre-imperial China (5th-3rd centuries BCE). Diachronic and synchronic comparisons of graphic details show that none of the well-recognized regional varieties developed independently from one another. Furthermore, differences in graphic components can be accounted for as alternations of graphs that are compatible in their semantic or phonetic values. The phonological systems underlying various regional orthographies unanimously point to a single coherent sound system with some mixture of dialect pronunciations. This strongly suggests that all the late pre-imperial regional scripts derived from a kind of orthographic meta-system based on one spoken standard language. This orthography and its phonological systems should reasonably be dated to ca. 9th century BCE, just about the time when the earliest known Chinese lexicography \"Book of Scribe Zhou\" (ca. 830 BCE) was written. The conclusions of this book have further implications on reading and understanding manuscript texts in general as well as on using them as data for linguistic studies.

This volume presents 22 tales from the Trobriand Islands told by children (boys between the age of 5 and 9 years) and adults. The monograph is motivated not only by the anthropological linguistic aim to present a broad and quite unique collection of tales with the thematic approach to illustrate which topics and themes constitute the content of the stories, but also by the psycholinguistic and textlinguistic questions of how children acquire linearization and other narrative strategies, how they develop them and how they use them to structure these texts in an adult-like way. The tales are presented in morpheme-interlinear transcriptions with first textlinguistic analyses and cultural background information necessary to fully understand them. A summarizing comparative analysis of the texts from a psycholinguistic, anthropological linguistic and philological point of view discusses the underlying schemata of the stories, the means narrators use to structure them, their structural complexity and their cultural specificity.

The Trobriand Islanders' eschatological belief system explains what happens when someone dies. Bronislaw Malinowski described essentials of this eschatology in his articles \"Baloma: the Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands\" and \"Myth in Primitive Psychology\". There he also presented the Trobrianders' belief that a \"baloma\" can be reborn; he claimed that Trobrianders are unaware of the father's role as genitor. This volume presents a critical review of Malinowski's ethnography of Trobriand eschatology – finally settling the \"virgin birth\" controversy. It also documents the ritualized and highly poetic \"wosi milamala\" – the harvest festival songs. They are sung in an archaic variety of Kilivila called \"biga baloma\" – the baloma language. Malinowski briefly refers to these songs but does not mention that they codify many aspects of Trobriand eschatology. The songs are still sung at specific occasions; however, they are now moribund. With these songs Trobriand eschatology will vanish.

This volume presents five variants of the Imdeduya myth: two versions of the actual myth, a short story, a song and John Kasaipwalova’s English poem “Sail the Midnight Sun”. This poem draws heavily on the Trobriand myth which introduces the protagonists Imdeduya and Yolina and reports on Yolina’s intention to marry the girl so famous for her beauty, on his long journey to Imdeduya’s village and on their tragic love story. The texts are compared with each other with a final focus on the clash between orality and scripturality. Contrary to Kasaipwalova’s fixed poetic text, the oral Imdeduya versions reveal the variability characteristic for oral tradition. This variability opens up questions about traditional stability and destabilization of oral literature, especially questions about the changing role of myth – and magic – in the Trobriand Islanders' society which gets more and more integrated into the by now “literal” nation of Papua New Guinea.