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Agrobacterium is the largest method employed to transform woody plants. The bacterium is required to introduce the transgene into the plant nuclear genome. After transferring T-DNA to the plant cell, the bacteria affect plant growth negatively and have to be eliminated from plant tissue culture medium through the use of antibiotics. The effect of different antibiotics (timentin, cefotaxime and carbenicillin) on in vitro shoot regeneration of teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) was compared in hypocotyl, mature cotyledon and cotyledonary segments explants. Timentin and cefotaxime (100-300 mg l-1) did not affect shoot regeneration and the number of shoots per explant. Moreover, at these concentrations, the two antibiotics seem to stimulate shoot regeneration. Carbenicillin at a dosage of 300 mg l-1 as well as cefotaxime and timentin at a dosage of 500 mg l-1 induced abundant calli formation and inhibited regeneration. Our data show that cefotaxime and timentin (300 mg l-1) can be harmless to teak regeneration and can be used as bactericide agents during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Tectona grandis. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of antibiotic degradation on plant morphogenesis and its effect on regeneration from different explants.

نُفذت تجربة بهدف دراسة تأثير التراكيز المختلفة من معدن الكوبلت في إنتاج سبعة مركبات فلافونيدية من كالس نباتي Plantago psyllium L. و Plantago major L. . أظهرت النتائج بأن اضافة التركيزين 3. 0 و 1. 0 ملغم. لتر1- من منظمي النمو 2، 4-D و الكاينتين الى وسط مورشايج و سكوج على الترتيب، قد أعطيا أفضل توليفة لإستحثاث الكالس فقد أعطت التوليفة أعلى وزن طري للكالس المُستحث بلغ 541. 0 ملغم. أعطى المحفز من نبات P. psyllium أعلى وزن طري بلغ 365. 7 ملغم. أدت إضافة الكوبلت بالتركيز 75 جزء بالمليون إلى إنخفاض معنوي للوزن الطري للكالس المستحث من P. psyllium (139. 8 ملغم). كما أثر التداخل بين النوعين النباتيين و تراكيز الكوبلت معنوياً في الوزن الطري. الكالس المستحث من نبات P. major سبب في زيادة معنوية في انتاج مركبات scutallarein، apigenin، nepetin، luteolin بمقدار 26. 40، 22. 64، 14. 93، 26. 20 مايكروغرام. 100 ملغم وزن جاف1- بالترتيب. كما ازداد انتاج نبات P. psyllium من مركب hispidulin و بمقدار 29. 40 مايكروغرام. 100 ملغم وزن جاف1-. أيضاً أدت إضافة معدن الكوبلت بالتركيز 50 جزء بالمليون إلى زيادة إنتاج مركبي hispidulin و luteolin بمقدار 40. 30، 41. 60 مايكروغرام. 100 ملغم وزن جاف1-بالترتيب. في ذات الوقت أدت المعاملة بمعدن الكوبلت و بالتركيز 75 جزء بالمليون إلى إنتاج عالي من مركبات scutallarein، apigenin، nepetin، aucubin و بمقدار 25. 61، 23. 25، 15. 90، 13. 70 مايكروغرام. 100 ملغم وزن جاف1- بالترتيب. كما تبين بان الكالس المستحث من نبات P. major و المعامل بمعدن الكوبلت بالتركيز 50 جزء بالمليون قد حقق اعلى انتاج من مركبات scutallarein، apigenin، luteolin و بمقدار 30. 33، 32. 26، 51. 90 مايكروغرام. 100 ملغم وزن جاف1- بالترتيب. أما مركب baicalein فقد وصل إنتاجه إلى 16. 46 مايكروغرام. 100 ملغم وزن جاف1- عند معاملة الكالس المستحث من نبات P. psyllium بالتركيز 75 جزء بالمليون. This experiment was conducted to study the influence of cobalt concentrations on the production of seven flavonoid compounds in callus derived from Plantago psyllium L. and Plantago major L. Results showed that the best combination of 2, 4-D and kinetin concentrations add to Muroshige and Skoog medium to obtain the highest fresh weight of 541. 0 mg was 3. 0 and 1. 0 mg. L-1 respectively. psyllium stimulated callus produced the highest fresh weight of 365. 7 mg. The addition of 75 ppm of cobalt resulted in a significantly lower fresh weight of P. psyllium callus (139. 8 mg). The interaction between Plantago species and cobalt concentrations was significant. The callus inducted from P. major had significant increases of the scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and luteolin compounds with 26. 40, 22. 64, 14. 93 and 26. 20 µg. 100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The production of the hispidulin compound was increased in P. psyllium at 29. 40 µg. 100mg-1 dry weight. Also, the addition of cobalt metal stimulated the production of flavonoids at 50 ppm cobalt producing the highest amounts of hispidulin and luteolin at 40. 30 and 41. 60 µg. 100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. Meanwhile, 75 ppm cobalt treatment produced the highest amount of scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and aucubin at 25. 61, 23. 25, 15. 90 and 13. 70 µg. 100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The callus inducted from P. major treated with 50 ppm of cobalt showed the highest production of scutallarein, apigenin and luteolin at 30. 33, 32. 26 and 51. 90 µg. 100mg-1 dry weight respectively. Baicalein reached 16. 46 µg. 100mg-1 dry weight, at 75 ppm of cobalt metal treatment in callus inducted from P. psyllium.

Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer- and nanometer-sized vesicles that, similarly to the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a complex molecular cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and primary and secondary metabolites. While it is technically complicated to isolate EVs from whole plants or their tissues, in vitro plant cell cultures provide excellent model systems for their study. Plant EVs have been isolated from the conditioned culture media of plant cell, pollen, hairy root, and protoplast cultures, and recent studies have gathered important structural and biological data that provide a framework to decipher their physiological roles and unveil previously unacknowledged links to their diverse biological functions. The primary function of plant EVs seems to be in the secretion that underlies cell growth and morphogenesis, cell wall composition, and cell–cell communication processes. Besides their physiological functions, plant EVs may participate in defence mechanisms against different plant pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Whereas edible and medicinal-plant-derived nanovesicles isolated from homogenised plant materials ex vivo are widely studied and exploited, today, plant EV research is still in its infancy. This review, for the first time, highlights the different in vitro sources that have been used to isolate plant EVs, together with the structural and biological studies that investigate the molecular cargo, and pinpoints the possible role of plant EVs as mediators in plant–pathogen interactions, which may contribute to opening up new scenarios for agricultural applications, biotechnology, and innovative strategies for plant disease management.

This study was aimed to produce potato minitubers via tissue culture technique by testing four cultivars; Agria, Nicola, SM 12-124-15 and JIP 1600-1 under in vitro, greenhouse and open-air field conditions. Nicola cultivar was superior upon the other cultivars under in vitro and greenhouse conditions by producing the best shoot multiplication (1.89 shoots/ explant and 13..27 leaves/ explant) and the highest number of minitubers (8.87 minitubers/ plant) in greenhouse whereas, SM 12-124-15 was better in the open field conditions by producing 11.25 tubers per plant, recording the highest mean weight of tubers (321.33 g), the highest weight of tubers per plant (3.615 kg), the bigger sizes of tubers (length 8.22 cm: width 3.43 cm) and the highest total yield per hectare (49.70 Ton/ ha). An interesting microtubers formation was noticed on SM 12-124-15 explants grown on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l-1 BA. The main conclusion drown from the current study is MS medium with basic vitamins and solidified by agar without the need of adding exogenous plant growth regulators can be used for mass seed tubers production based on potato genotype in vitro under optimized culture conditions with a low cost propagation system and shorter period of time than normal minitubers production process.

Plant Tissue Culture, Third Edition builds on the classroom tested, audience proven manual that has guided users through successful plant culturing A.tumefaciens mediated transformation, infusion technology, the latest information on media components and preparation, and regeneration and morphogenesis along with new exercises and diagrams provide.

Humans have a long history of reliance on plants for a supply of food, shelter and, most importantly, medicine. Current-day pharmaceuticals are typically based on plant-derived metabolites, with new products being discovered constantly. Nevertheless, the consistent and uniform supply of plant pharmaceuticals has often been compromised. One alternative for the production of important plant active compounds is in vitro plant tissue culture, as it assures independence from geographical conditions by eliminating the need to rely on wild plants. Plant transformation also allows the further use of plants for the production of engineered compounds, such as vaccines and multiple pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the important bioactive compounds currently produced by plant tissue culture and the fundamental methods and plants employed for their production.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of red and blue LEDs on in vitro growth and microtuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum) single-node cuttings. Explants were incubated under 6 light treatments: 100% red LEDs (R), 75% red LEDs+ 25% blue LEDs (3RB), 50% red LEDs+ 50% blue LEDs (RB), 25% red LEDs+ 75% blue LEDs (R3B), 100% blue LEDs (B) and white LEDs (W). Most of the growth and physiological parameters were significantly higher in 3RB than W. Enhancement of leaf area and chlorophyll concentrations were obtained in B. Leaf stomata were elliptical with the lowest density in 3RB. However, those in W were round in shape, and those with the smallest size and the highest density were observed in R. Most of the characteristics of microtuberization were also improved in 3RB. The combined spectra of red and blue LEDs increased the number of large microtubers. The fresh weight of individual microtubers in R and W were increased, but not their number. These results suggest that, of the treatments assessed, 3RB is optimal for the in vitro growth of potato plantlets and the combination of red and blue LEDs is beneficial for microtuberization.

This study was aimed to estimate the effect of essential oil extracted from callus of Lavandula angustifolia leaves as antioxidant and cytotoxic activity (in vitro). Different concentrations of essentail oil were selected, including 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100  µg/ml in determining antioxidant activity by using Free radical 1,1 Dyphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed the efficacy of essentail oil as an antioxidant and the highest effect at 100 µg/ml reaching 97% and 87% at 80 µg/ml respectively. Different concentrations of essential  oil ( 12.5, 25, 50,75 and 100) µg/ml were select to determine the effect of oil on  human cervical cancer (HeLa) cancer cell line and a breast epithelial cell line (HBL) normal cell line after 72 hours from exposure time, and then antiproliferative activity of this oil was studied using MTT assay.  The results showed the oil of L. angustifolia callus have high antioxidant influence (97%) in 100 µg/ml concentration followed by (87%) in concentration 80 µg/ml. The inhibition effect of extract on cell proliferation in HeLa cell line at highest concentration which reached 77%. The study confirmed the possibility of using essential oil from L. angustifolia callus could be used for medical application and treatment various types of cancer disease.