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Enhanced performance in fusion plasmas through turbulence suppression by megaelectronvolt ions
Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.
Experiments at the Joint European Torus tokamak show improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of highly energetic ions and Alfvénic instabilities in the plasma.
Journal Article
Physics and applications of complex plasmas
At the frontiers of physics and chemistry lies the new and rapidly emerging area of complex plasma systems. The study of complex plasma systems that contain colloid nano/microscopic particles is now actively pursued in a diverse range of scientific fields — from plasma and gas discharge physics, to astrophysics, materials science and engineering. This book highlights, in a systematic, insightful, and perceptive way, the fundamental physics and industrial applications of complex plasmas, with emphasis on the conditions relevant to laboratory gas discharges and industrial plasma reactors. It provides a specialized and comprehensive description of the most recent theoretical, experimental, and modeling efforts to understand the unique properties of complex plasma systems involving the stability, dynamics, and self-organization of colloid particles and their associations. Special attention is focused on the physical understanding of up-to-date developments in major technological applications of micron and nano-sized particles. Each chapter is presented in a concise and comprehensive manner, with a categorized overview of the underlying physics followed by an in-depth description. The book will appeal to scientists and researchers as well as undergraduate and graduate students wishing to explore the flourishing interdisciplinary field of complex plasma systems.
eBook
Turbulence Heating ObserveR – satellite mission proposal
The Universe is permeated by hot, turbulent, magnetized plasmas. Turbulent plasma is a major constituent of active galactic nuclei, supernova remnants, the intergalactic and interstellar medium, the solar corona, the solar wind and the Earth’s magnetosphere, just to mention a few examples. Energy dissipation of turbulent fluctuations plays a key role in plasma heating and energization, yet we still do not understand the underlying physical mechanisms involved. THOR is a mission designed to answer the questions of how turbulent plasma is heated and particles accelerated, how the dissipated energy is partitioned and how dissipation operates in different regimes of turbulence. THOR is a single-spacecraft mission with an orbit tuned to maximize data return from regions in near-Earth space – magnetosheath, shock, foreshock and pristine solar wind – featuring different kinds of turbulence. Here we summarize the THOR proposal submitted on 15 January 2015 to the ‘Call for a Medium-size mission opportunity in ESAs Science Programme for a launch in 2025 (M4)’. THOR has been selected by European Space Agency (ESA) for the study phase.
Journal Article
A284 Adjunctive use of alteplase with mechanical stimulation by endovascular devices enhance thrombolysis – an in vitro assessment in a 3D-printed distal neurovascular model
IntroductionCurrent endovascular treatment (EVT) techniques failed to prove their efficacy in Medium Vessel Occlusions (MeVOs) in recent trials. Intra-arterial administration of alteplase has been proposed as a promising strategy in MT of MEVOs.Aim of StudyTo explore the potential advantage of Stent-retriever Assisted Intra-arterial Lysis (SAIL) in EVT of MEVOs.MethodTwo different compositions (fibrin:erythrocytes) of ovine clot were synthesized: erythrocyte-rich(1:1) and fibrin-rich (9:1) and embolized in an in vitro 3D-printed model simulating M2-MCA branches. The model was integrated into a closed flow-loop with circulating plasma. Thirty clots were randomized to 7:30 minutes of circulating: plasma, plasma+alteplase or plasma+alteplase using SAIL. Each study arm included 15 erythrocyte-rich clots and 15 fibrin-rich clots. Thrombolytic efficacy was assessed as the percentage of clot weight loss.ResultsBaseline weight of clots was similar in the 3 arms. Clot weight reduction was higher with erythrocyte-rich (39%) than with fibrin-rich clots (35%; p=0.24). Overall, as compared to the weight reduction observed with plasma (27%), weight reduction was higher with Alteplase (38%; p<0.001) and with SAIL (52%; p<0.001). SAIL was most effective reducing clot-weight in both: erythrocyte-rich (plasma 29%, alteplase 36%, SAIL 58%; p<0.001) and fibrin-rich clots (plasma 22%, alteplase 38%, SAIL 51%; p<0.001).ConclusionThe SAIL technique seems to increase the fibrinolytic effect of intra-arterial administration of Alteplase and may be an effective technique to use in the EVT of MeVOs.Conflict of InterestNo
Journal Article
Albumin infusion rate and plasma volume expansion: a randomized clinical trial in postoperative patients after major surgery
Background
Optimal infusion rate of colloids in patients with suspected hypovolemia is unknown, and the primary objective of the present study was to test if plasma volume expansion by 5% albumin is greater if fluid is administered slowly rather than rapidly.
Methods
Patients with signs of hypoperfusion after major abdominal surgery were randomized to intravenous infusion of 5% albumin at a dose of 10 ml/kg (ideal body weight) either rapidly (30 min) or slowly (180 min). Plasma volume was measured using radiolabeled albumin at baseline, at 30 min, and at 180 min after the start of infusion. Primary outcome was change in plasma volume from the start of infusion to 180 min after the start of infusion. Secondary outcomes included the change in the area under the plasma volume curve and transcapillary escape rate (TER) for albumin from 180 to 240 min after the start of albumin infusion.
Results
A total of 33 and 31 patients were included in the analysis in the slow and rapid groups, respectively. The change in plasma volume from the start of infusion to 180 min did not differ between the slow and rapid infusion groups (7.4 ± 2.6 vs. 6.5 ± 4.1 ml/kg; absolute difference, 0.9 ml/kg [95%CI, − 0.8 to 2.6],
P
= 0.301). Change in the area under the plasma volume curve was smaller in the slow than in the rapid infusion group and was 866 ± 341 and 1226 ± 419 min ml/kg, respectively,
P
< 0.001. TER for albumin did not differ and was 5.3 ± 3.1%/h and 5.4 ± 3%/h in the slow and in the rapid infusion groups, respectively,
P
= 0.931.
Conclusions
This study does not support our hypothesis that a slow infusion of colloid results in a greater plasma volume expansion than a rapid infusion. Instead, our result of a smaller change in the area under the plasma volume curve indicates that a slow infusion results in a less efficient plasma volume expansion, but further studies are required to confirm this finding. A rapid infusion has no effect on vascular leak as measured after completion of the infusion.
Trial registration
EudraCT2013-004446-42
registered December 23, 2014.
Journal Article