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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988304.].

How knowing about HIV/AIDS and having health literacy can reduce negative attitudes and social distance toward people living with HIV in Japan This study looked at how knowledge about HIV/AIDS and health literacy affect people's attitudes toward those living with HIV in Japan. HIV is a virus that can affect the immune system, and people living with HIV (PLWH) often face stigma, which means negative judgments or unfair treatment from others. Reducing stigma is important for the health and well-being of PLWH and for public health. We conducted an online survey with 2,268 adults aged 20 to 60 years using a panel provided by Rakuten Insight, a Japanese online survey company. Participants were selected to represent different regions, ages, and sexes in Japan. They answered questions about their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, their health literacy, and their attitudes toward PLWH. Health literacy refers to the ability to find, understand, evaluate, and use health information to make decisions about one's health. The results showed that people with less knowledge about HIV/AIDS tended to keep a greater social distance from PLWH, meaning they were more likely to avoid contact or have negative feelings toward them. People with higher health literacy were more likely to have closer, more positive attitudes. Public stigma was also strongly related to social distance. These findings suggest that improving health literacy and knowledge about HIV/AIDS in the general population may not only help people take better care of their own health but also reduce stigma toward PLWH. By learning accurate information about HIV and understanding how to use health information, people may become more accepting and supportive, which can improve the lives of PLWH and contribute to a healthier society.

Late presentation to medical care of individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is linked to poor outcomes and increased morbidity and mortality. Missed opportunities for a prompt diagnosis are frequently reported among late presenters. We aimed to estimate the proportion of late presenters and missed opportunities in diagnosis among newly diagnosed HIV-positive subjects presenting to a specialty clinic in Lebanon. This is a retrospective chart review of all newly diagnosed adult HIV-positive subjects presenting to clinic from 2012 to 2022. Demographic, laboratory, and clinical data were collected at initial HIV diagnosis or presentation to medical care. We defined late presentation as having a CD4 count < 350 or AIDS-defining event regardless of CD4 count. Advanced disease is defined as having a CD4 count below 200 cells/μL or the presence of an AIDS-defining illness, regardless of the CD4 count. A missed opportunity was defined as the presence of an indicator condition (IC) that suggests infection with HIV/AIDS during 3 years preceding the actual HIV diagnosis and not followed by a recommendation for HIV testing. The proportions for demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics are calculated by excluding cases with missing information from the denominator. Our cohort included 150 subjects (92.7% males; 63.6% men who have sex with men (MSM); 33.3% heterosexuals; median age 30.5 years at diagnosis). 77 (51.3%) were late presenters and 53 (35.3% of all subjects, 68.8% of late presenters) had advanced HIV on presentation. Up to 76.5% of late presenters had a presentation with an HIV-related condition at a healthcare provider without getting HIV test within the previous 3 years. The most frequent ICs were weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, constitutional symptoms, and chronic idiopathic diarrhea. Overall mortality rate was 4% (6/150 individuals). All-cause mortality among those who presented with AIDS was 15.4% (6/39 subjects). In our setting, late presentations and missed opportunities for HIV diagnosis are common. In the Middle East, AIDS mortality remains high with a large gap in HIV testing. To effectively influence policies, comprehensive analyses should focus on estimating the preventable health and financial burdens of late HIV presentations. Another concern pertains to healthcare providers’ attitudes and competencies.

In recent years, HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) has significantly impacted the compliance, quality of life, and treatment outcomes for patients with AIDS. This study employs CiteSpace bibliometric analysis to predict emerging topics and research trends, thereby offering clear scientific navigation and strategic recommendations for HIVAN research. We retrieved publications related to HIVAN from the Web of Science Core Collection covering the period from 2015 to 2025. Utilizing CiteSpace, we analyzed the co-occurrence network, clustering,and timeline of research trends in this field to illustrate the knowledge evolution surrounding HIVAN. A total of 1,470 publications were included from 2015 to 2025. The United States maintained its dominant position in medical research, while countries such as the United Kingdom, South Africa, France, and China emerged as key contributors in the field. Prominent institutions, including the University of California system, Johns Hopkins University, and University of the London, were central to HIVAN research. Scholars such as Estrella, Michelle M. Shlipak, Michael G. and Kopp, Jeffrey B exhibited substantial academic output and garnered considerable citation attention. Leading journals, including \"Clinical Infectious Diseases\", \"PLOS ONE\" and \"AIDS\" served as premier venues for review articles, providing essential platforms and establishing foundations for ongoing research. The research activity and academic impact of HIVAN within the sub-discipline of nephrology currently represent prominent areas of inquiry. This study examined the knowledge network structure of HIVAN from 2015 to 2025 examined bibliometric analysis. Future research should focus on enhancing international collaboration, particularly in resource limited regions, to investigate various intervention strategies aimed at improving compliance, quality of life, and treatment outcomes for HIVAN patients.

It is important to know the safety and efficacy of vaccination in immunocompromised people living with HIV (PLWH), but currently, there is limited data on the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines' safety and immune responses in PLWH. In this prospective observational study, 139 PLWH and 120 healthy controls were enrolled and monitored for 21-105 days after a two-dose vaccination. The safety, anti-receptor binding domain IgG (anti-RBD-IgG) and anti-spike-IgG responses, and RBD-specific memory B cell (MBC) responses were evaluated. The overall adverse events within seven days were reported in 12.9% (18/139) of PLWH and 13.3% (16/120) of healthy controls. No serious adverse events occurred in both groups. Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-RBD-IgG in PLWH was significantly decreased (87.1% vs. 99.2%; p<0.001). The geometric mean end-point titer (GMT) of anti-RBD-IgG in PLWH was also reduced, especially in patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/µL, regardless of age, gender, or HIV viral load. GMTs of anti-RBD-IgG in both PLWH and healthy controls declined gradually over time. Similar results were also observed in the anti-spike-IgG response. The frequency of RBD-specific MBCs in PLWH decreased (p<0.05), and then remained stable over time. Lastly, through multivariate analysis, we found the factors that predicted a less robust response to inactivated vaccines in PLWH were a low CD4 count and long time interval after vaccination. In conclusion, inactivated vaccines are well-tolerated in PLWH but with low immunogenicity. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and booster doses should be given priority in PLWH, especially in patients with low CD4 counts. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05043129. .

Previous research suggests that depression impacts HIV outcomes, including viral suppression. This meta-analysis quantifies the association between depression and HIV viral suppression. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and OVID to identify studies published through 2012 to 2022. The software Rayyan was used to evaluate eligibility of studies, and the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines were used for abstracting data. A random effects meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1. Of the 1911 articles screened, 16 studies were included covering 80,103 participants. The results showed individuals without depression were more likely to achieve HIV viral suppression or undetectable viral load compared to individuals with depression (OR 1.30; 95%CI 1.15, 1.48; I 2  = 76%). Subgroup analysis indicated this effect was significant among the general population of people living with HIV (n = 75,353; OR 1.32; 95%CI 1.12, 1.55; I 2  = 85%) and cisgender women living with HIV (n = 4553; OR 1.28; 95%CI 1.09, 1.50; I 2  = 16%), but not among cisgender men living with HIV (most identified as men who have sex with men) (n = 197; OR 2.13; 95%CI 0.43, 10.61; I 2  = 83%). This meta-analysis shows a significant positive association between the absence of depression and achieving HIV viral suppression overall and among the subgroup of cisgender women. Public health interventions for people living with HIV should include strategies to identify and address the depressive symptoms that impact adherence to treatment, increase the risk of psycho-behavioral co-morbidities, and exacerbate social or structural factors impeding viral suppression.

Research to date has shown that HIV infection is a highly stressful experience for individuals, and one of the key adaptive resources after such painful experiences may be forgiveness. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between dispositional forgiveness (assessed using Mullet’s Forgivingness Questionnaire and Toussaint’s Forgiveness Scale), perceived stress (single-item measure of stress symptoms), health perception (EuroQol visual analogue version of the scale) and life satisfaction (Satisfaction With Life Scale) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in France. Paper surveys were completed by 222 PLWH aged 18–78 (57% male). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sensitivity to circumstances, unconditional forgiveness, self-forgiveness, and forgiveness of others were significant predictors of health and happiness. Mediation analysis showed that these relationships are completely mediated by perceived stress. The present findings suggest that forgiveness and perceived stress may be important variables for healing in PLWH. Interventions designed to improve forgiveness and self-forgiveness may result in improved health and life satisfaction in PLWH.

The gut and oral microbiome is altered in people living with HIV (PLWH). While antiretroviral treatment (ART) is pivotal in restoring immune function in PLWH, several studies have identified an association between specific antiretrovirals, particularly integrase inhibitors (INSTI), and weight gain. In our study, we explored the differences in the oral and gut microbiota of PLWH under different ART regimens, and its correlation to Body Mass Index (BMI). Fecal and salivary samples were collected from PLWH (n = 69) and healthy controls (HC, n = 80). We performed taxonomy analysis to determine the microbial composition and relationship between microbial abundance and ART regimens, BMI, CD4 + T-cell count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and ART duration. PLWH showed significantly lower richness compared to HC in both the oral and gut environment. The gut microbiome composition of INSTI-treated individuals was enriched with Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium , whereas non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-treated individuals were enriched with Gordonibacter , Megasphaera, and Staphylococcus . In the oral microenvironment, Veillonella was significantly more abundant in INSTI-treated individuals and Fusobacterium and Alloprevotella in the NNRTI-treated individuals. Furthermore, Bifidobacterium and Dorea were enriched in gut milieu of PLWH with high BMI. Collectively, our findings identify distinct microbial profiles, which are associated with different ART regimens and BMI in PLWH on successful ART, thereby highlighting significant effects of specific antiretrovirals on the microbiome.

Background Rwanda has made remarkable progress in scaling up HIV testing, treatment, and healthcare services. Recent data show that 95% of people living with HIV (PLWH) were aware of their status, 97.5% of them are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 98% of those who are on treatment have achieved viral suppression. Importantly, growing body of evidence supports the Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) concept, affirming that PLWH who maintain an undetectable viral load do not transmit HIV to their sexual partners. This pivotal breakthrough in HIV care has transformed public health strategies and stigma reduction efforts. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of PLWH on the U = U concept in health facilities in Rwanda. Methods An exploratory qualitative study was conducted at three purposively selected health facilities in Rwanda from December 1 to 30, 2023. An interview guide was used to collect data, and data saturation was reached after enrolling 43 PLWH. The data was analyzed using conventional thematic analysis. Results The majority of participants demonstrated good knowledge of HIV transmission, with the U = U concept being particularly well-understood among discordant couples and individuals who have been on treatment for over 10 years. Three themes emerged from the analysis: [ 1 ] comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission among PLWH; [ 2 ] reasons for disclosing HIV status and linking to care; and [ 3 ] acceptability of the U = U concept. Conclusion Our findings highlight the necessity for broader dissemination of the U = U concept across all PLWH subpopulations. Further research is essential to better understand the challenges faced by PLWH, which is critical for achieving the UNAIDS goal of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030.

Impaired attention is a key feature of HIV-associated brain damage, and people living with HIV (PLWH) often have potential visual-auditory perceptual deficits. This study aimed to explore functional alterations in divided attention in PLWH using a parallel audio-visual spatiotemporal task with multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and to explore candidate neuroimaging markers of HIV-related attention impairment. Thirty-one cognitively unimpaired PLWH and 34 healthy controls (HC) completed a divided attention task during fMRI via a modified Posner paradigm. Behavioral performance and task-related brain activation were compared between the two groups. Seed-based whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) maps were computed in resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) using anatomical regions of interest (ROIs) from the audiovisual attention network, defined based on previous independent fMRI studies employing similar spatial-temporal attention paradigms. The PLWH showed lower accuracy than HC. Task-related brain activation was more extensive in PLWH, including increased activation in occipital/temporal lobes, plus frontal/parietal lobes, insula, and limbic system. Using anatomical regions of interest from the audiovisual attention network as seeds, PLWH exhibited increased resting-state FC between these frontal-parietal-temporal-insular regions and bilateral posterior cerebellar lobules VIII-IX, as well as with multimodal associative cortices. Within the PLWH group, percent BOLD signal change showed significant positive correlations with HIV infection duration in a subset of task-difference ROIs-7 regions identified under spatial cueing and 13 regions identified under temporal cueing. The HIV impairs audio-visual divided attention, with fMRI revealing neural alterations in cognitively unimpaired PLWH. These findings suggest that task-related activation patterns and resting-state connectivity measures may serve as sensitive candidate markers of HIV-related brain involvement and help identify individuals at increased risk of cognitive decline, although longitudinal studies are needed to establish their prognostic value.