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"POLICY IMPLEMENTATION"
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Working together: an RACM model of policy implementation capacity
Policy implementation is an integral aspect of the policy process but extant research has not yet established a unified framework of policy implementation’s influencing factors. This paper goes beyond existing perspectives of policy implementation evaluation, such as intra-government coordination, interactions between interest groups, and discretion of street-level bureaucrats by building an integrated model of policy implementation capacity (PIC). This paper defines PIC as the ability of government actors to achieve policy objectives and highlights the importance of actors’ capacity and constraints in predicting policy implementation outcomes. Then, the paper categorizes the influencing factors of PIC into four groups, Room (R), Aspiration (A), Capital (C), and Methods (M), and establishes PIC’s RACM model. Furthermore, this study employs a case analysis method to code and analyze 39 cases in the field of environmental governance, and provides initial validation of the framework. The study has five major findings: (1) the policy implementation room significantly impacts PIC and social factors have a greater impact than natural factors; (2) greater policy implementation aspiration predicts higher PIC; (3) policy implementation capital influences policy implementation method and PIC, and the influence mainly exists in monetary capital and knowledge and technology capital; (4) the authoritative implementation method has a small negative effect, while incentive and collaborative implementation methods can significantly improve PIC; (5) the collaborative implementation method can most effectively improve PIC. The study shows that the RACM model serves as a systematic and comprehensive research framework for PIC.
Journal Article
Policy, geophilosophy and education
Education policy is premised on its instrumentalist approach. This instrumentalism is based on narrow assumptions concerning people (the subject), decision-making (power), problem-solving (science and methodology), and knowledge (epistemology). Policy, Geophilosophy and Education reconceptualises the object, and hence, the objectives, of education policy. Specifically, the book illustrates how education policy positions and constitutes objects and subjects through emergent policy arrangements that simultaneously influence how policy is sensed, embodied, and enacted. The book examines the disciplinary and multi-disciplinary approaches to education policy analysis over the last sixty years, and reveals how policy analysis constitutes the ontologies and epistemologies of policy. In order to reconceptualise policy, Policy, Geophilosophy and Education uses ideas of spatiality, affect and problematization from the disciplines of geography and philosophy. The book problematizes case-vignettes to illustrate the complex and often paradoxical relations between neo-liberal education policy equity, and educational inequalities produced in the representational registers of race and ethnicity.
BOOK
Environmental Policy Implementation: Can We Reduce Failures Without Changing Objectives?
Purpose: To demonstrate the necessity of reverse mapping in the implementation process of environmental policy.Design/Methodology/Approach: A representative survey (of the adult population of Bulgaria) on pro-environmental behaviour and public attitudes towards relevant policies; data analysis conducted through ANOVAand factor analysis.Findings: There is a gap between public approval of ecological goals and support for concrete measures. Preferences regarding policy tools depend on their perceived beneficial or harmful impact on the material situation of individuals. No more than 30% of citizens are willing to pay for ecological improvements.Practical Implications: Individual preferences should be monitored throughout the process of environmental policy implementation and used as evidence to inform changes in policy development. Originality/Value: The notion that individual preferences regarding policy tools are significant in the implementation of environmental policy; the composite indicator of pro-environmental behaviour. Namen: prikazati nujnost vzvratnega mapiranja v procesu izvajanja okoljske politike.Načrt/metodologija/pristop: reprezentativna anketa (med odraslim prebivalstvom Bolgarije) o prookoljskem vedenju in javnih stališčih do ustreznih politik; analiza podatkov z ANOVA in faktorsko analizo.Ugotovitve: obstaja razkorak med javnim odobravanjem okoljskih ciljev in podporo konkretnim ukrepom. Preference glede političnih orodij so odvisne od tega, ali se zaznava, da pozitivno ali negativno vplivajo na materialnipoložaj posameznikov. Plačevati za okoljske izboljšave je pripravljenih največ 30 odstotkov državljanov.Praktične implikacije: posameznikove preference je treba spremljati skozi celoten proces izvajanja okoljske politike in jih uporabiti kot dokazila za usmerjanje sprememb v oblikovanju politik.Izvirnost/vrednost: opozorilo, da so preference posameznikov glede političnih orodij pomembne pri izvajanju okoljske politike; sestavljeni kazalnik prookoljskega vedenja.
Journal Article
Pathways to policy integration: a subsystem approach
Researchers in public policy and public administration agree that policy integration is a process. Nevertheless, scholars have given limited attention to political aspects that facilitate or impede integration. This paper aims at filling that gap, by looking at how different theories of the policy process can help in explaining the process of policy integration as shaped by policy subsystems. By building on insights from theories of the policy process, we develop pathways regarding adoption and implementation in policy integration that account for the politicization and the role of actors and subsystems in the policy process. Our main argument is that policy integration is in permanent political tension with the sectoral logic of policymaking, which predominantly happens between actors in subsystems. Policy integration is, thus, not a single moment when those tensions are solved once and for all, but a political process that requires deliberate efforts to overcome the pull toward sector-specific problem definition, policymaking, implementation, and evaluation.
Journal Article
Authoritarian Environmentalism Undermined? Local Leaders’ Time Horizons and Environmental Policy Implementation in China
China's national leaders see restructuring and diversification away from resource-based, energy intensive industries as central goals in the coming years. On the basis of extensive fieldwork in China between 2010 and 2012, we suggest that the high turnover of leading cadres at the local level may hinder state-led greening growth initiatives. Frequent cadre turnover is intended primarily to keep local Party secretaries and mayors on the move in order to promote the implementation of central directives. While rotation does seem to aid implementation by reducing coordination problems, there are also significant downsides to local leaders changing office every three to four years. Officials with short time horizons are likely to choose the path of least resistance in selecting quick, low-quality approaches to the implementation of environmental policies. We conclude that the perverse effects of local officials’ short time horizons give reason to doubt the more optimistic claims about the advantages of China's model of environmental authoritarianism.
Journal Article
COVID-19 and the policy sciences: initial reactions and perspectives
The world is in the grip of a crisis that stands unprecedented in living memory. The COVID-19 pandemic is urgent, global in scale, and massive in impacts. Following Harold D. Lasswell’s goal for the policy sciences to offer insights into unfolding phenomena, this commentary draws on the lessons of the policy sciences literature to understand the dynamics related to COVID-19. We explore the ways in which scientific and technical expertise, emotions, and narratives influence policy decisions and shape relationships among citizens, organizations, and governments. We discuss varied processes of adaptation and change, including learning, surges in policy responses, alterations in networks (locally and globally), implementing policies across transboundary issues, and assessing policy success and failure. We conclude by identifying understudied aspects of the policy sciences that deserve attention in the pandemic’s aftermath.
Journal Article
The use of street-level bureaucracy theory in health policy analysis in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-ethnographic synthesis
This article presents a synthesis of studies that explicitly use the theory of street-level bureaucracy to illuminate health policy implementation in low- and middle-income countries. Street-level bureaucrats are frontline workers in bureaucracies, e.g. nurses, who regularly interact directly with citizens in discharging their policy implementation duties and who have some discretion over which services are offered, how services are offered and the benefits and sanctions allocated to citizens. This synthesis seeks to achieve the dual objectives of, first, reflecting on how street-level bureaucracy theory has been used in the literature and, second, providing an example of the application of the synthesis methodology of meta-ethnography to the health policy analysis literature. The article begins by outlining meta-ethnography and providing more information on the papers on which the synthesis is based. This is followed by a detailed account of how the synthesis was achieved and by an articulation of the synthesis. It then concludes with thoughts and questions on the value and relevance of the synthesis, the experience of conducting the synthesis and the partial way in which street-level bureaucracy theory has been used in the literature examined.
Journal Article
Dynamics of Inclusive Education Policy Implementation in Junior High School
This research aims to investigate the dynamics of processes and interactions among actors in the implementation of inclusive education policy within junior high schools. This study used a multi-case study. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, observation, document analysis, and examination of audiovisual resources. Data were analyzed through the transcript of the result of data interview, observation notes field, and video recordings as well as document, creating idea general sense, data codification, creating themes, and data interpretation. Research findings show that the implementation process of inclusive education policy in schools is influenced by variations in ideology, values, culture, and the distinct qualities of each institution both public and private schools. The headmaster plays a crucial role in implementing successful inclusive education policies. There is no difference in any institution's philosophy, values, culture, and features. Referring to the findings of the studies show that the implementation of a policy throughout institutions cannot be similar due to their distinct backgrounds. For the future researcher, it is recommended that further research should focus on policy efforts to improve teacher training, increase funding, and enhance community awareness to build an inclusive educational environment for all students.
Journal Article
Policy Implementation Inconsistency and Emission Leakage: Evidence from The Closure of Polluting Firms
Public policies often fail to address the unintended behavior of regulated firms and are therefore inconsistent in their implementation, resulting in ineffectiveness. In the process of environmental policy, policy implementation inconsistencies also exist, which is known as emission leakage. Existing studies on the topic focus more on spatial dimension and less attention to time dimension. The reasons for emission leakage over time are two: regulatory laxness and inefficiencies. In this study, we examine whether emission leakage occurs during enterprises’ end-of-life cycles. Based on unique high-frequency facility-level monitoring data, we construct a difference-in-differences (DID) model to investigate differences in environmental performance between hazardous chemical production firms in the process of closing and those in the same industry within 20 kilometers. This study finds no emission leakage problem in the processes of relocation and closure, and the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) discharged declines by 28.53 percent. This result is mainly due to top-down regulatory requirements. Nevertheless, policymakers should remain aware of emission leakage when formulating environmental policies and create more substantial supervision to prevent potential leakage.
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