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"POLICY PLANNING"
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Fit to Be Tied
The 1960s revolutionized American contraceptive practice. Diaphragms, jellies, and condoms with high failure rates gave way to newer choices of the Pill, IUD, and sterilization.Fit to Be Tiedprovides a history of sterilization and what would prove to become, at once, socially divisive and a popular form of birth control.
During the first half of the twentieth century, sterilization (tubal ligation and vasectomy) was a tool of eugenics. Individuals who endorsed crude notions of biological determinism sought to control the reproductive decisions of women they considered \"unfit\" by nature of race or class, and used surgery to do so. Incorporating first-person narratives, court cases, and official records, Rebecca M. Kluchin examines the evolution of forced sterilization of poor women, especially women of color, in the second half of the century and contrasts it with demands for contraceptive sterilization made by white women and men. She chronicles public acceptance during an era of reproductive and sexual freedom, and the subsequent replacement of the eugenics movement with \"neo-eugenic\" standards that continued to influence American medical practice, family planning, public policy, and popular sentiment.
eBook
Changing places : the science and art of new urban planning
\"Urban policy innovations designed to confront the many challenges that cities face abound. In most cases, there is little evidence that a given intervention has achieved the desired outcome. In Changing Places, MacDonald, Branas and Stokes argue that there is a widespread disconnect between those who implement place-based changes-such as planners and building or land developers-and the community of scientists who are now starting to rigorously evaluate these changes. They emphasize that planners and developers need to recognize the value of scientific testing and that scientists need to embrace the indispensable and action-oriented work of planners and land developers. Though there have been other calls for place-based research, the authors focus specifically on structural interventions that are scalable and sustainable. They draw on research from multiple fields-city planning, criminology, economics, epidemiology, public health, and more-to demonstrate that well-designed changes to place can significantly improve the health and safety of large groups of people. The manuscript covers a broad range of interventions, including those focused on building and housing, land and open space, transportation and street environments, and entertainment and recreation centers. The book ends with a discussion of unintended consequences and suggestions for future research\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Assessing the impact of the “one-child policy” in China: A synthetic control approach
There is great debate surrounding the demographic impact of China's population control policies, especially the one-birth restrictions, which ended only recently. We apply an objective, data-driven method to construct the total fertility rates and population size of a 'synthetic China', which is assumed to be not subjected to the two major population control policies implemented in the 1970s. We find that while the earlier, less restrictive 'later-longer-fewer' policy introduced in 1973 played a critical role in driving down the fertility rate, the role of the 'one-child policy' introduced in 1979 and its descendants was much less significant. According to our model, had China continued with the less restrictive policies that were implemented in 1973 and followed a standard development trajectory, the path of fertility transition and total population growth would have been statistically very similar to the pattern observed over the past three decades.
Journal Article
Urban paradox and the rise of the neoliberal city
In a bid to actualise the vision of transforming Lagos into Africa’s model megacity and global economic and financial hub, the state government has embarked on and/or supported various urban development projects. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of neoliberalism, we argue that governance practices in Lagos are transforming the city in a manner that is paradoxical to the intents of the city’s development plan. This paper, therefore, explores how government practices have shaped the city, and the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Lagos state governmentsupported developments. Of interest are projects from the Lagos State Development plan (2012—2025) which have resulted in significant spatial displacements — hence the selected case studies of Lekki Free Trade Zone and Badia-East Housing Estate. The study reveals that the Lagos state development policy results in creative destruction largely due to the uncritical embrace of market logic over social logic, thereby entrenching urban discontent and socio-spatial fragmentation across the city.
为了实现将拉各斯转变为非洲示范大城市和全球经济和金融中心的愿景，州政府启动和/或支持了各种城市开发项目。基于新自由主义的理论基础，我们认为拉各斯的治理做法正在以一种与城市发展计划的意图相矛盾的方式改变着城市。因此，本文探讨了政府做法如何塑造了城市，以及最近拉各斯州政府支持的开发项目的社会空间后果。我们关注拉各斯州发展计划 (2012-2025年) 中导致重大空间驱逐的项目，因此选择了莱基 (Lekki) 自由贸易区和巴迪亚-东 (Badia-East) 住宅区这两个案例进行研究。研究表明，拉各斯州的发展政策导致了创造性破坏，主要是由于不加批判地接受市场逻辑并忽视社会逻辑，从而加剧了整个城市的不满情绪和社会空间分裂。
Journal Article
The Political Economy of Bureaucratic Overload: Evidence from Rural Development Officials in India
Government programs often fail on the ground because of poor implementation by local bureaucrats. Prominent explanations for poor implementation emphasize bureaucratic rent-seeking and capture. This article documents a different pathology that we term bureaucratic overload: local bureaucrats are often heavily under-resourced relative to their responsibilities. We advance a two-step theory explaining why bureaucratic overload is detrimental to implementation as well as why politicians under-invest in local bureaucracy, emphasizing a lack of electoral incentives. Drawing on a nationwide survey of local rural development officials across India, including time-usage diaries that measure their daily behavior, we provide quantitative evidence that (i) officials with fewer resources are worse at implementing rural development programs, plausibly because they are unable to allocate enough time to managerial tasks and (ii) fewer resources are provided in administrative units where political responsibility for implementation is less clear. The findings shed light on the political economy and bureaucratic behavior underpinning weak local state capacity.
Journal Article
Manufacturing urbanism
The relationship between industrialisation and urban development is subject to assumptions based on experiences in the global North, with little research on how it plays out in countries undergoing urbanisation and industrialisation today. In the context of recent excitement about China’s role in stimulating an ‘industrial revolution’ in Africa, we examine how Chinese zones in Ethiopia and Uganda are influencing the urban—industrial nexus. We argue that Chinese zones are key sites of urban—industrial encounter, but these dynamics are not primarily driven by the government officials that dominate the ‘policy mobilities’ literature, nor by the State-Owned Enterprises usually associated with Chinese activity overseas. Rather, they are emerging through the activities of inexperienced private Chinese actors who do not even operate in the worlds of urban policy. Faced with government histories and capacities that vastly differ from China’s, directly replicating the Chinese experience is virtually impossible; yet the tentative and improvisational relationships between Chinese firms, African government authorities and other local actors are gradually moulding new urbanisms into shape. The piecemeal bargaining and negotiation that unfolds through these relationships bridges some of the gaps between industrialisation and planning, but this cannot compensate for the governance of the urban—industrial nexus at higher scales.
工业化和城市发展之间的关系受制于基于全球北方经验的假设，很少有人研究这种关系在当前正经历城市化和工业化的国家是如何展开的。在最近人们为中国在刺激非洲“工业革命”中的作用感到兴奋的背景下，我们研究了中国在埃塞俄比亚和乌干达的开发区是如何影响城市与工业之间关系的。我们认为，中国的开发区是城市与工业交汇的关键场所，但这些动态主要不是由主导“政策流动性”文献的政府官员推动的，也不是由通常与中国海外活动相关的国有企业推动的。相反，它们是通过经验不足的中国私人行为者的活动发生的，这些行为者甚至不在城市政策的范围内起作用。面对与中国截然不同的政府历史和能力，直接复制中国的经验几乎是不可能的；然而，中国企业、非洲政府当局和其他当地行为者之间的试验性和即时性关系正在逐渐塑造新的城市化。通过这些关系展开的零敲碎打的讨价还价和谈判弥合了工业化和规划的一些缺口，但这并不能弥补城市-工业关系在更高层面上的治理的缺失。
Journal Article