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"POLICY REVIEW"
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Exclusion as urban policy
The Dutch government introduced the Act on Extraordinary Measures for Urban Problems in 2006 to bolster local regeneration efforts. The act enables local governments to stop specific groups of deprived households from moving into designated neighbourhoods. More specifically, the Act allows local governments to refuse a residence permit to persons who have lived in the metropolitan region for less than six years and who do not receive an income from work, pensions or student loans. The policy is based on the idea that reducing the influx of poor newcomers improves liveability by providing a temporary relief of the demand for public services and by making neighbourhoods demographically ‘balanced’ or ‘socially mixed’. This review examines the socio-spatial effects of the Act in Rotterdam between 2006 and 2013. While the Act produces socio-demographic changes, the state of the living environment in designated areas seems to be worsening rather than improving. Our findings show that the policy restricts the rights of excluded groups without demonstrably improving safety or liveability. The review concludes with a reflection on how the Act may signify a broader change in European statecraft and urban policy.
荷兰政府在 2006 年出台了《城市问题非常措施法案》以推动地方再生工作。该法案使得地方政府可以阻止特定的贫困家庭群体搬入指定的街区。更具体而言，该法案允许地方政府拒绝向在大都市区居住不到六年的人以及未通过工作、养老金或学生贷款获得收入的人发放居住许可证。这项政策基于的思路是减少贫困人口的流入能暂时缓解公共服务需求，并使得街区在人口上“平衡”或“具有社会混合性”，从而改善宜居程度。本评论检视了该方案 2006 至 2013 年间对鹿特丹造成的社会空间影响。虽然该法案带来了社会-人口的变化，但指定区域的生活环境状况似乎在恶化而非改善。我们的研究表明，这项政策限制了被排除群体的权利，同时又没有证据表明改善了街区的安全性或宜居程度。本评论最后反思了该法案如何意味着更大范围的欧洲国家治理和城市政策变革。
Journal Article
Spatially integrated and socially segregated
Mixed-income development is the latest in a long line of policy interventions to improve outcomes in distressed urban neighbourhoods, particularly as an alternative to large scale public housing projects. Such developments are inherently integrationist, and have profound effects on the social lives and well-being of residents. After situating mixed-income developments within current residential demographic trends with regard to race and income, this article provides a comprehensive review of the 22 empirical studies addressing social integration in mixed-income developments in the United States, focusing on understanding the effects of spatial integration on social well-being. We discuss policy and practice implications to optimise the social well-being of residents, as well as strategies to improve scholarship in these settings.
混合收入发展是长期的政策干预措施中的最新举措，旨在改善城市贫民区的状况，特别是作为大型公共住房项目的替代方案。这种发展本质上是一种社会融合措施，对居民的社会生活和福祉具有深远的影响。本文将混合收入发展置于目前的种族和收入居民人口统计趋势内，对关于美国混合收入发展中社会融合问题的22项实证研究进行了全面回顾，重点是理解空间融合对社会福祉的影响。我们讨论政策和实践含义，以优化居民的社会福祉，并改善这些环境中的知识水平的策略。
Journal Article
Intersectoral action on the social determinants of health and health equity in Canada: December 2019 federal government mandate letter review
Mandate letters for the current federal government cabinet ministers identify opportunities for intersectoral action on social determinants of health and health equity. Key areas for intersectoral action identified in 2019 mandate letters include adopting measures of wellbeing in the federal budget, redistributive tax policies, and initiatives in employment, housing, education and other sectors. Continued monitoring and reporting on health inequalities in Canada is important in assessing progress and identifying areas where intersectoral collaboration can be strengthened.
Journal Article
Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings—Social Distancing Measures
Influenza virus infections are believed to spread mostly by close contact in the community. Social distancing measures are essential components of the public health response to influenza pandemics. The objective of these mitigation measures is to reduce transmission, thereby delaying the epidemic peak, reducing the size of the epidemic peak, and spreading cases over a longer time to relieve pressure on the healthcare system. We conducted systematic reviews of the evidence base for effectiveness of multiple mitigation measures: isolating ill persons, contact tracing, quarantining exposed persons, school closures, workplace measures/closures, and avoiding crowding. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of these measures was obtained largely from observational studies and simulation studies. Voluntary isolation at home might be a more feasible social distancing measure, and pandemic plans should consider how to facilitate this measure. More drastic social distancing measures might be reserved for severe pandemics.
Journal Article
Ideas with consequences : the Federalist Society and the conservative counterrevolution
\"There are few intellectual movements in American political history more successful than the Federalist Society. Created in 1982 to counterbalance what its founders considered a liberal legal establishment, the organization has now become the conservative legal establishment, and membership is all but required for any conservative lawyer who hopes to enter politics or the judiciary. It can claim 40,000 members, including four Supreme Court Justices, dozens of federal judges, and every Republican attorney general since its inception. But its power goes even deeper. In Ideas with Consequences, Amanda Hollis-Brusky, an expert on conservative legal movements, provides the first ever comprehensive documentation of how the Federalist Society exerts its influence. Drawing from a huge trove of documents, transcripts, and interviews, she presents a series of important legal questions and explains how the Federalist Society managed to revolutionize the jurisprudence for each one. Many of these questions--including the powers of the federal government, the individual right to bear arms, and the parameters of corporate political speech--had long been considered settled. But the Federalist Society was able to upend the existing conventional wisdom, promoting constitutional theories that had previously been dismissed as ludicrously radical. Hollis-Brusky argues that the Federalist Society offers several of the crucial ingredients needed to accomplish this constitutional revolution. It serves as a credentialing institution for conservative lawyers and judges, legitimizes novel interpretations of the constitution through a conservative framework, and provides a judicial audience of like-minded peers, which prevents the well-documented phenomenon of conservative judges turning moderate after years on the bench. Through these functions, it is able to exercise enormous influence on important cases at every level. With unparalleled research and analysis of some of the hottest political and judicial issues of our time, Ideas with Consequences is the essential guide to the Federalist Society at a time when its power has broader implications than ever\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings—Personal Protective and Environmental Measures
There were 3 influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and there has been 1 so far in the 21st century. Local, national, and international health authorities regularly update their plans for mitigating the next influenza pandemic in light of the latest available evidence on the effectiveness of various control measures in reducing transmission. Here, we review the evidence base on the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical personal protective measures and environmental hygiene measures in nonhealthcare settings and discuss their potential inclusion in pandemic plans. Although mechanistic studies support the potential effect of hand hygiene or face masks, evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of these measures did not support a substantial effect on transmission of laboratory-confirmed influenza. We similarly found limited evidence on the effectiveness of improved hygiene and environmental cleaning. We identified several major knowledge gaps requiring further research, most fundamentally an improved characterization of the modes of person-to-person transmission.
Journal Article