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Family Planning (1968), a short, animated film featuring Donald Duck, was translated into at least twenty-four languages and viewed in the span of two years by nearly 1.4 million people around the world. Commissioned by the Rockefeller’s Population Council and expensively produced by Disney, the movie represents the international family planning industry’s single largest investment in a media object. It has since been perceived as largely effective in achieving its goal of promoting contraception to culturally diverse audiences. Using an unusually rich collection of archival records and other previously neglected sources, we demonstrate how Family Planning failed to connect with local viewerships. Our historical analysis recovers the Population Council’s homogenizing and infantilizing view of the global poor and critiques of this view that emanated from the Global South – not just with the benefit of hindsight but at the time. We conclude that the Rockefeller–Disney collaboration was ill-suited for communicating to a heterogeneous, global audience, and that a misplaced optimism in animation as a universal language all but guaranteed failure.

In April 1965, the Turkish Parliament passed the law legalizing birth control, including the pills and the use of intrauterine devices. This article examines the beginnings and expansion of family planning in Turkey in the 1960s by tracing the encounters of American experts, Turkish physicians along with bureaucrats, and thousands of urban squatter dwelling and rural women and men. Different from the previous historical accounts framing family planning as an insular and state-driven modernization project, it provides a transnational history of family planning in Turkey by unearthing intimate links between the discourses of development and histories of family, sexuality, and reproduction. By using Population Council documents, Turkish official papers, Parliament minutes, visual materials, and national and feminist press accounts, this article demonstrates that family planning practices with new technologies of contraceptives constituted often-neglected but indispensable components of infrastructure in the formation of technologies of governance in Turkey in Cold War context.

Men who have sex with Men (MSM) are currently at marked risk for HIV infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Estimates of HIV prevalence rates have been consistently higher among MSM than for the general population of reproductive-age men virtually wherever MSM have been well studied. Although scarce, HIV incidence data support findings of high acquisition and transmission risks among MSM in multiple contexts, cultural settings, and economic levels. Research among MSM in LMICs has been limited by the criminalization and social stigmatization of these behaviors, the safety considerations for study participants, the hidden nature of these populations, and a lack of targeted funding. Available evidence from these countries suggests that structural risks social, economic, political, or legal factors in addition to individual-level risk factors are likely to play important roles in shaping HIV risks and treatment and care options for these men. Services and resources for populations of MSM remain markedly low in many settings. They have limited coverage and access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care services with some estimates suggesting that fewer than one in ten MSM worldwide have access to the most basic package of preventive interventions.

This article explores the origins of the national family planning program in Tunisia during the 1960s. It moves beyond previous interpretations of the global population control movement that emphasized external intervention at the hands of international organizations. Instead it analyzes the mutually beneficial partnership between Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba and the Population Council, an American organization committed to reducing population growth. Using Tunisian sources and Population Council records, it argues that after independence in 1956, Bourguiba sought to address France's underdevelopment of public health during the colonial period with robust reforms and international aid. Implementing a family planning program enabled Bourguiba to acquire resources that contributed to training Tunisian medical personnel, funding clinics and health services, and increasing the distribution and circulation of contraception. This article demonstrates that actors in the Global South were not mere beneficiaries of international health initiatives following decolonization; they were active participants and negotiators of their implementation at home.

Since the early 1990s, countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region have made admirable progress in reducing the gap between girls and boys in areas such as access to education and health care. Indeed, almost all young girls in the Region attend school, and more women than men are enrolled in university. Over the past two decades, maternal mortality declined 60 percent, the largest decrease in the world. Women in MENA are more educated than ever before. It is not only in the protest squares that have seen women whose aspirations are changing rapidly but increasingly unmet. The worldwide average for the participation of women in the workforce is approximately 50 percent. In MENA, their participation is half that at 25 percent. Facing popular pressure to be more open and inclusive, some governments in the region are considering and implementing electoral and constitutional reforms to deepen democracy. These reforms present an opportunity to enhance economic, social, and political inclusion for all, including women, who make up half the population. However, the outlook remains uncertain. Finally, there are limited private sector and entrepreneurial prospects not only for jobs but also for those women who aspire to create and run a business. These constraints present multiple challenges for reform. Each country in MENA will, of course, confront these constraints in different contexts. However, inherent in many of these challenges are rich opportunities as reforms unleash new economic actors. For the private sector, the challenge is to create more jobs for young women and men. The World Bank has been pursuing an exciting pilot program in Jordan to assist young women graduates in preparing to face the work environment.

The overview summarizes the evaluation of community responses (15 studies, including 11 evaluations carried out in 8 countries). It presents the evaluation questions, the methodology, the key results achieved by community responses along the continuum of prevention, treatment, care and support, and the resulting policy and programmatic implications. Before the scale-up of the international response to the AIDS pandemic, community responses in developing countries played a crucial role in providing services and care for those affected. This study is the first comprehensive, mixed-method evaluation of the impact of that response. The evaluation finds that community response can be effective at increasing knowledge of HIV, promoting social empowerment, increasing access to and use of HIV services, and even decreasing HIV incidence, all through the effective mobilization of limited resources. By effectively engaging with this powerful community structure, future HIV and AIDS programs can ensure that communities continue to contribute to the global response to HIV and AIDS.

ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: En el presente trabajo se describe la tendencia de los efectos del envejecimiento demográfico sobre los requerimientos de equipamiento urbano en el contexto específico de la ciudad de Aguascalientes, México, para el año 2030. De manera particular se aborda el equipamiento urbano de la educación básica: jardines de niños, escuelas primarias y secundarias. En cuanto a los alcances y límites del estudio, los primeros tienen que ver con la demostración de los efectos del envejecimiento demográfico en las futuras necesidades de soportes materiales del subsistema de educación básica; y los segundos, con que el trabajo no trata sobre el efecto útil de estos soportes materiales en el servicio de la educación básica. La metodología se basa en la conformación de un sistema de información geográfica y en el análisis de datos estadísticos provenientes de fuentes oficiales. A partir de los informes del Sistema Normativo del Equipamiento Urbano se determinaron el dimensionamiento y las capacidades actuales de los elementos de dicho equipamiento, y para el cálculo de los futuros requerimientos se utilizaron las proyecciones demográficas del Consejo Nacional de Población. Los resultados revelan las modificaciones de las necesidades de estos elementos del equipamiento derivadas de las tendencias demográficas y llevan a proponer recomendaciones para anticipar medidas que enfrenten este nuevo desafío en las ciudades del país. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: This article describes trends in the effects of demographic ageing on urban equipment requirements in the specific context of the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, in 2030. In particular, it deals with the urban equipment of basic education: kindergartens, elementary and junior high schools. As for the scope and limitations of the study, the former concerns the demonstration of the effects of demographic ageing on future needs for material support in the basic education sub-system, while the latter, which the paper does not examine, concern the useful effect of this material support in regard to basic education. The methodology is based on the creation of a system of geographic information and the analysis of statistical data from official sources. The scope and current capacity of urban equipment features were determined on the basis of reports from the Urban Equipment System of Guidelines, while future requirements were calculated using demographic forecasts from the National Population Council. The results show the modifications of the needs for these aspects of urban equipment derived from demographic trends and lead to the proposal of recommendations for measures to cope with this new challenge in the country's cities.

While women in developing countries continue to die in large numbers in child birth, Population and Reproductive Health specialists and advocates around the world are struggling to keep the policy agenda focused on the rights and needs of poor women. The 1994 Cairo Conference and Program of Action changed how we do business, and opened many doors, but the agenda is not complete and has stalled in a number of ways. At the country level, governments and donors are making difficult choices about how and where to allocate scarce human and financial resources. Funding approaches have moved away from the implementation of narrowly directed health programs to a broader approach of health system development and reform. At the same time, countries are also centering their development agenda on the broad goal of poverty reduction. This volume addresses a large knowledge and capacity gap in the Reproductive Health community and provides tools for key actors to empower faster positive change. It is a synopsis of the materials developed for WBI's learning program on Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Poverty Reduction, Reproductive Health and Health Sector Reform. The volume brings together knowledge about epidemiology, demography, economics, and trends in global financial assistance. The volume also introduces practical tools such as benefit incidence analysis, costing, and stakeholder analysis to strengthen the evidence base for policy and to address the political economy factors for reform.

This strategy paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the issue of female genital mutilation/cutting-scope,challenges, opportunities, best practices, and how communities, development agencies, and national governments can work together to eliminate the practices on the ground. The World Bank is committed to assisting governments in ending the practice of female genital cutting, as the practice has a direct, negative impact on the health and well-being of women around the world. The recommendations set forth in this paper take advantage of the World Bank's comparative advantage in dealing with governments. Continued silenceperpetuates the practice, thereby undermining women's productivity.

This paper reviews the debate on population and the environment. The Australian debate is emphasized, but set within a global context, in recognition of the important interdependencies between countries of the North and South. The population-environment debate is long standing and highly controversial. It has been waged primarily as a war of 'facts' concerning capacity to support people at global, national and/or regional levels. This has been inconclusive for it has failed to give due recognition to the inherent uncertainties in our knowledge, the paradigms which influence our judgements of key parameters, and the political ideology which has permeated the debate from the time of Malthus. Recent attempts to put the debate on a more analytical footing are considered. A framework which recognizes the inherent uncertainty in our knowledge of population-environment linkages is critical and decisions should be guided by the precautionary principle. Significantly the debate has been marginalized in mainstream discussion of each of population and the environment, both internationally and within Australia. It is suggested that this is a major barrier to progress towards sustainability. A population policy for Australia requiring development of institutions and decision-making processes which give a centrally important place to population-environment linkages in the day-to-day affairs of government, and which engage the community in debate about 'desirable futures' at national, regional and local levels, is endorsed. Importantly, the policy should require consideration of these issues within the context of Australia's responsibilities both globally and to future generations.