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"POVERTY STATUS"
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Educational Attainment and Subjective Health and Well-Being; Diminished Returns of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Background: Educational attainment is one of the strongest determinants of subjective health and well-being. Minorities’ Diminished Returns, however, suggests that such an effect may be smaller for the members of racial/ethnic minorities such as Blacks and Hispanics relative to non-Hispanic Whites. Only one study has previously shown that minorities’ diminished returns may also apply to lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals; however, that study has focused on other outcomes (i.e., obesity). Aims: To compare LGB and non-LGB American adults for the effects of educational attainment on subjective health and well-being. Methods: This cross-sectional study used baseline data of 31,480 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH, 2013), a nationally representative study in the United States. The independent variable was educational attainment. The dependent variable was subjective health and well-being, measured using four items. Race, ethnicity, age, gender, poverty status, and employment were the covariates. LGB status was the moderator. Results: Overall, individuals with higher educational attainment had better subjective health and well-being. We found a significant interaction between LGB status and educational attainment which was suggestive of that the boosting effect of high educational attainment on better subjective health and well-being was systemically smaller for LGB than non-LGB individuals. Conclusions: In the United States, highly educated LGB adults experience poor subjective health and well-being, a status that is disproportionate to their educational attainment.
Journal Article
Determinants of Participation in Community-Based Organizations and Its Impact on Poverty Eradication Among Rural Households in Osun State
Despite the efforts to reduce poverty in Nigeria, there is evidence that many people are living below the poverty line. Importance is attached to community-based organizations as a solution to social interaction for poverty reduction. This study assessed the determinants of participation in community-based organizations and its impact on poverty eradication. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to obtain data from 300 respondents. Data were analyzed using probit regression and the two-stage probit regression models. The study revealed that most (70%) respondents participated in community-based organizations. The poverty line was estimated to be N9377.44. The poverty prevalence ( P 0 ), poverty depth ( P 1 ), and poverty severity ( P 2 ) were 0.5810, 0.1583, and 0.0503, respectively. The probit regression model revealed that farm size, formal education, age, gender, farm income, household size, access to credit, and types of community-based organizations significantly affect the participation of rural households in community-based organizations. The two-stage probit regression model shows that in addition to participation in community-based organizations, farm size, formal education, farming experience, gender, number of adults in the households, non-farm income, household size, and access to credit significantly affect the poverty status of the rural households. The study concluded that participation in community-based organizations remarkably reduces rural households’ poverty status. The study recommended that the government should encourage non-participants to participate in community-based organizations and introduce policies that facilitate an increase in the level of education and access to credit facilities to reduce poverty among rural households.
Journal Article
What Factors Beyond Economic Poverty Lead People in High-income Societies to Feel Poor? Evidence from Hong Kong
In contrast to the economic approach that dominates poverty research, a subjective approach that asks respondents to evaluate their own poverty status offers an insider’s perspective on poverty. However, most studies investigating the factors associated with subjective poverty in high-income societies have failed to disentangle those factors’ effects on subjective poverty from their effects on economic poverty, and most were conducted in Europe. Using data from the two-wave (2015–2017) Hong Kong Panel Survey for Poverty Alleviation (N = 840), this study examined the extent to which the effects on subjective poverty of eight socio-demographic factors (e.g. gender, age, residence status, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, housing status, and self-rated health) are mediated through the dynamics of economic poverty using logistic regression and mediation analysis. The results of logistic regression showed educational attainment, housing status, and self-rated health to be significantly associated with subjective poverty. Mediation analysis revealed that the effects of secondary education and living in public or private rental housing on subjective poverty are not mediated through the dynamics of economic poverty and that only 20.40% of self-rated poor health’s effect is mediated. Our findings thus suggest that solving economic poverty alone is insufficient to tackle the issue of subjective poverty in Hong Kong. Several policy initiatives, including improving the career prospects of the secondary-educated, enhancing the mobility outcomes of public rental tenants, and reducing the rent-to-income ratio of private rental tenants, could contribute to alleviating subjective poverty.
Journal Article
Impacts of the Value Chain Development Programme (VCDP) on poverty reduction among rice- and cassava-based farming households in rural Nigeria
Poverty has constituted a significant threat to life and economic development in most developing nations of the world. The rural dwellers in Nigeria have suffered welfare deficits and depletion in general living standards. Developmental programmes and interventions implemented to address rural poverty and inequality in Nigeria have targeted improving crop value chains to increase productivity and income and therefore eliminate poverty in the country. Hence, this study examined the impacts of the Value Chain Development Programme (VCDP) on poverty reduction among cassava and rice-based farming households in rural Nigeria. The 2022 version of the panel data set obtained from the VCDP management office within the Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) spanning the period between 2019 and 2022 was used. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measure, and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) approach. The poverty gap estimates show that poverty headcount was lower among the cassava-based and rice-based beneficiary households (24.02% and 26.75%, respectively) compared to their non-beneficiary counterpart (66.67% and 53.42%, respectively). While annual per capita income significantly increased by ₦ 59,205.570 (131.36 USD) among beneficiaries in cassava-based households at 1%, poverty gap was reduced by 0.021% among the beneficiaries in rice-based farming households at 10%. It could be revealed that the intervention was effective in reducing poverty, more especially among the rice-based farming households. Therefore, the study recommends that the implementation of the VCDP should be sustained and scaled up for wider coverage and effective poverty reduction, especially among cassava-based farming households in rural Nigeria.
Journal Article
Cultural Distance as a Determinant of Immigrant Economic Adaptation in the USA
The study investigates economic disparities between immigrants and native populations in receiving societies, going beyond traditional factors like education and work experience. It explores the influence of cultural distance between immigrants’ origin countries and the USA on three socio-economic indicators: income, homeownership, and poverty status. Using measures from Hofstede (2001) and Inglehart and Welzel (2005), the study relies on data from the American Community Survey (2002–2022). Controls include English proficiency, survey year, education, marital status, age, gender, and community disadvantage. Multivariate results consistently highlight the significance of cultural distance as a predictor for income, homeownership, and poverty status among immigrants. These findings remain robust even when accounting for other factors, emphasizing the substantial role of cultural barriers in immigrant economic adaptation beyond differences in human capital, community economic conditions, and other controls.
Journal Article
Determinants of poverty among rural farming households in Maiha Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Poverty is a critical factor affecting subsistence of farmers in Nigeria, especially in rural areas. The study examined determinants of poverty among rural farming households in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the research objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, determine the poverty status of the respondents, and examine the determinants of poverty among the respondents. Primary data used for the studies were generated from 255 respondents, who were selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. The analytical tools used were descriptive, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), and Logit regression models. The findings of the study revealed that the majority (90.98 %) of rural farming household heads were men, married (90.20 %) with a mean age of 38.42 years, educated (76.48 %), with a mean farm size of 2.65 ha and mean household size of 5 people. The majority (85.88 %) of the respondents had no access to credit. The study further revealed that respondents’ distributions by poverty status were 0.42, 0.23, and 0.16 for poverty incidence (Po), poverty depth (P1), and poverty severity (P2), respectively. The result of the Logit regression model revealed that sex, formal education, primary occupation, access to credit, total income, and annual remittances had a positive influence on poverty status, while age, marital status, and household size had a negative influence on poverty status among farming households and were statistically significant at various levels. Hence the study recommends need for the farming households to have access to credit schemes. This could increase the off-farm activities that could generate more income for the household and thereby reduce their poverty.
Journal Article
Socioeconomic Differences of Intimate Partner Violence among Married Women in Indonesia: Does Poverty Matter?
Background:
Society placed women living in the men's world as inferior. Poverty as a stressor for men has the opportunity to make women victims of violence from their partners. The study aimed to analyze the effects of poverty on the risk of intimate partner violence among married women in Indonesia.
Materials and Methods:
The samples used were married women aged 15-49 years old. The weighted sample size was 34,086 women. Besides intimate partner violence as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed as independent variables were wealth status, residence, age, education, employment, living with in-laws, and recent sexual activity. The study employs binary logistic regression to determine intimate partner violence risk in the final stage.
Results:
The results show the poorest married women were 1.382 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with wealthy status in the lower category were 1.320 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with a wealthy group in the middle class were 1.262 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with wealthy status in the more decadent category were 1.132 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence.
Conclusion:
The study concluded that poverty was a risk factor for intimate partner violence among married women in Indonesia. The lower the socioeconomic status, the greater the risk of intimate partner violence.
Journal Article
Analysis of rural household food and non‐food poverty status in Ethiopia: The Case Study from Meskan District
Poverty is the lack of ability to reach the least possible level of standard of living. Both food and non‐food poverty remain the foremost concern in many developing countries in general and Ethiopia in particular. The proportions of rural households living below poverty line in Ethiopia have been increasing over the past decades. The causes of poverty are enormous and multifaceted. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the status and determinants of poverty among rural households in Meskan District. Cross‐sectional survey data were collected from 360 rural households randomly. The costs of basic needs approach, Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke methods (FGT index), and logit model were used to determine poverty line and identify determinants of poverty status among rural households, respectively. Moreover, for the analysis of the data, the respective statistical and econometric tests were employed. The findings show that poverty line/absolute poverty status was found about birr 6305 per year per adult equivalent consumption in District. Besides, the annual mean food and non‐food consumption expenditure poverty lines were birr 4157.7 and birr 2147.6 per year, respectively. The incidence, depth, and severity of poverty measures and its status were found to be 0.333, 0.051, and 0.013 values, while compared poverty measures and its status with national poverty incidence status; there was highest poverty incidence among rural households due to low human, physical, financial, and natural capitals as well as weak institutional arrangements. Logit model result similarly shows that factors affecting poverty level among rural households are highly associated with age of households, dependency ratio, marital status of household, education level household, farm size, distance from nearest market, access to food aid, oxen and livestock possession in study District. Our results suggest that the poverty reduction plans and policies should target specific localities and households livelihood situations because poverty by its nature is individual concentrated rather than aggregate national as whole. This study focused on food and non‐food poverty status among rural households in Ethiopia. Finding addressed the dimensions of poverty in rural areas.
Journal Article