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West African countries' energy and climate policies show a pronounced focus on decarbonising power supply through renewable electricity (RE) generation. In particular, most West African states explicitly focus on hybrid mixes of variable renewable power sources-solar, wind and hydropower-in their targets for the electricity sector. Hydropower, the main current RE resource in West Africa, is strongly sensitive to monsoon rainfall variability, which has led to power crises in the past. Therefore, solar and wind power could play a stronger role in the future as countries move to power systems with high shares of RE. Considering the policy focus on diversified RE portfolios, there is a strong need to provide climate services for assessing how these resources could function together in a power mix. In this study, climate data from the state-of-the-art ERA5 reanalysis is used to assess the synergies of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power potential in West Africa at hourly resolution. A new metric, the stability coefficient Cstab, is developed to quantify the synergies of solar PV and wind power for achieving a balanced power output and limiting storage needs. Using this metric, it is demonstrated that there is potential for exploiting hybrid solar/wind power in a larger area of West Africa, covering more important centers of population and closer to existing grid structures, than would be suggested by average maps of solar and wind resource availability or capacity factor for the region. The results of this study highlight why multi-scale temporal synergies of power mixes should be considered in RE system planning from the start.

This study reports a board game design that would be an effective tool for teaching and learning the best mix of national power sources in a class concerning energy and sustainability in higher education courses. A board game was developed to understand the characteristics of power sources from a Japanese viewpoint based on an earlier study of the authors. The purpose of the game is to satisfy electricity demands by choosing power sources and procuring the resources necessary for power generation to help develop a country. A total of 50 undergraduate and graduate students were asked to assess the game. The results of the questionnaire-based survey conducted after the game confirmed the students’ evaluation that the game was highly enjoyable and could serve as an effective tool for energy and environmental education in high schools or universities. In addition, the average of “the ratio of the power sources proper to win the game” given by the students was similar to Japanese power mix before the Fukushima disaster, although the game significantly simplified, and even excluded, various factors affecting the national policy of power sources.

System operators (SOs) manage power supply, focusing on risk management. In small emerging economies, proactive risk management is crucial as major disruptions require SOs to redirect resources into recovery efforts. Therefore, SOs prioritize risk reduction, proactively minimizing the possibility of major disruption to ensure the industry’s long-term advancement. However, SOs frequently focus on residual risk mitigation while ignoring their exposure to inherent risk. This study investigated the inherent risks associated with power supply management using the SO’s operations and pertinent third parties. It used a seasonal multivariate strategy to identify risk factors, create univariate distribution models, and generate multivariate distributions using the copula method. Joint risk exposure was calculated using different percentile metrics for each scenario, allowing for a comparison of exposure levels. The study found that risk variables can sometimes reinforce or offset each other, impacting exposure behaviour. Exposure levels indicate periods of increased or decreased exposure to risk variables. Copula-modelled interdependencies captured larger exposure levels but had lower unit likelihoods, presenting less conservative exposure forecasts for SO managers. Case 1 exhibited the highest exposure levels in the early dry season (0.237 and 0.179), while case 2 showed peak exposure levels in the late wet season (1.009 and 0.948), along with cases 3 (0.977 and 0.908) and 4 (0.950 and 0.879).

Growing environmental concerns have driven the installation of renewable systems. Meanwhile, the continuous decline in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), alongside the decreasing cost of photovoltaics (PVs), is compelling the power sector to accurately forecast the performance of energy plants to maximize plant profitability. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and optimization of a hybrid power generation system for a remote community in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with a 10 MW peak power demand. The goal is to achieve 90 percent of annual load coverage from renewable energy. This study introduces a novel comparison between three different configurations: (i) concentrated solar power (parabolic troughs + thermal energy storage + steam Rankine cycle); (ii) fully electric (PVs + wind + batteries); and (iii) an energy mix that combines both solutions. The research demonstrates that the hybrid mix achieves the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) at 0.1364 USD/kWh through the use of advanced transient simulation and load-following control strategies. The single-technology solutions were found to be oversized, resulting in higher costs and overproduction. This paper also explores a reduction in the economic scenario and provides insights into cost-effective renewable systems for isolated communities. The new minimum cost of 0.1153 USD/kWh underscores the importance of integrating CSP and PV technologies to meet the very stringent conditions of high renewable penetration and improved grid stability.

The mitigation of climate change impacts from the automotive sector is important for sustainable development, and for that purpose, synthetic liquid fuel vehicles (SLF-Vs) are being considered as a potential clean option alongside electric vehicles (EVs). However, the energy-intensive production of synthetic liquid fuels (SLFs) requires a thorough life-cycle analysis, as CO2 emissions vary significantly depending on the power sources and feedstock production technologies. This study evaluates the life-cycle CO2 emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan through long-term multiple scenarios up to 2050 and compares them with those of gasoline vehicles (GVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The results reveal that, in 2020, SLF-Vs’ life-cycle CO2 emissions were more than 2.9 times higher than those of GVs. By 2050, SLF-Vs’ emissions could only decrease to BEV-like levels if Japan achieves significant decarbonization of its power grid. Even if hydrogen is produced via water electrolysis in Australia, where renewable energy is abundant, and then imported, emissions remain high if Japan’s power grid remains insufficiently decarbonized. This highlights the critical importance of expanding domestic decarbonized power sources, particularly renewable energy, to reduce the life-cycle CO2 emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan.

During the last few years, electric and hydrogen vehicles have become an alternative to cars that use internal combustion engines. The number of electric and hydrogen vehicles sold has increased due to support from local governments and because car manufacturers will stop the production of internal combustion engines in the near future. The emissions of these vehicles while being driven are zero, but they still have an impact on the environment due to their fuel. In this article, an analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for two types of vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) powered by electricity and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) powered by hydrogen, is presented. The analysis considers different values for the mix of power generation and hydrogen production options in comparison to other studies. The CO2 emissions were calculated and compared for the two types of vehicles. The results show that the CO2 emissions of BEVs are lower when compared to FCEVs if the hydrogen is obtained from pollutant sources and is higher if the hydrogen is obtained from nuclear power and renewable energy sources. When compared to conventional combustion engine vehicles, BEVs have lower CO2 emissions, while the emissions of FCEVs are dependent on the hydrogen production method.

The environmental impact of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) largely depends on the environmental profile of the national electric power grid that enables their operation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental performance of BEV usage in Korea considering the changes and trajectory of the national power roadmap. We examined the environmental performance using a weighted environmental index, considering eight impact categories. The results showed that the weighted environmental impact of Korea’s national power grid supply would increase overall by 66% from 2015 to 2029 using the plan laid out by the 7th Power Roadmap, and by only 33% from 2017 to 2031 using the 8th Power Roadmap plan. This change reflects the substantial amount of renewables in the more recent power mix plan. In 2016, BEV usage in Korea resulted in emissions reductions of about 37% compared with diesel passenger vehicles, and 41% compared with gasoline vehicles per kilometer driven (100 g CO2e/km versus 158 g and 170 g CO2e/km, respectively) related to transportation sector. By 2030, BEV usage in Korea is expected to achieve a greater emissions reduction of about 53% compared with diesel vehicles and 56% compared with gasoline vehicles. However, trade-offs are also expected because of increased particulate matter (PM) pollution, which we anticipate to increase by 84% compared with 2016 conditions. Despite these projected increases in PM emissions, increased BEV usage in Korea is expected to result in important global and local benefits through reductions of climate-changing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

The European Union has being developing its Energy and Enviornmental policy along the last 30 years. Recent European Commision communications confirm the leadership of European Union on reducing pollutant gases emissions and technological change towards climate neutral economy. This study assessess the efficiency of European Energy Policy from a Modern Portfolio Theory perspective. The proposal studies the disaggregated European power portfolio: to make a more exhaustive analysis, focusing individually on each European country along the period 1990-2015. The efficiency of the Energy and Environmental Policy of each Member State is calculated measuring their distance to the power generation efficient frontier. The quadratic optimization model used by MPT is complemented by a cluster analysis of European Member States, in order to be able to observe country behaviour tendencies: regarding the application of their energy and environmental policies without overlooking the efficiency of that implementation. Results stand out that France, Slovakia and Sweden belong to the “leader” efficient cluster for the considered period. In turn, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Italy show a high consistence in the application of their energy and environmental policies along the considered period, as they moved upwards during that period.

Utilizing the data of a large nationwide household survey conducted in 2014, we investigate public preferences on nuclear power in Japan after the Fukushima nuclear accident and the role of four sets of factors: (1) household/individual socioeconomic characteristics, (2) psychological status, (3) geographical aspects, and (4) Fukushima accident-related experiences. The preferred energy mix, according to the averaged responses from the survey, includes 0.59 for renewables, 0.29 for fossil fuels, and 0.12 for nuclear—much more skewed towards the renewables than the actual national share of renewables of less than 0.2. Male, older, unmarried, less educated, high-income people, and government party supporters have a preference towards a higher share of nuclear power, except if they live near nuclear power plants. The experience of blackout and aversion to nuclear power during the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 lowers the share of nuclear power in the preferred mix.