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"POWER SOURCES"
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Wave and tidal energy
Provides a comprehensive and self-contained review of the developing marine renewable energy sector, drawing from the latest research and from the experience of device testing. The book has a twofold objective: to provide an overview of wave and tidal energy suitable for newcomers to the field and to serve as a reference text for advanced study and practice. Including detail on key issues such as resource characterisation, wave and tidal technology, power systems, numerical and physical modelling, environmental impact and policy.
Book
Recent advances in flexible batteries: From materials to applications
Along with the rapid development of flexible and wearable electronic devices, there have been a strong demand for flexible power sources, which has in turn triggered considerable efforts on the research and development of flexible batteries. An ideal flexible battery would have not only just high electrochemical performance but also excellent mechanical deformabilities. Therefore, battery constituent components, chemistry systems, device configurations, and practical applications are all pivotal aspects that should be thoroughly considered. Herein, we systematically and comprehensively review the fundamentals and recent progresses of flexible batteries in terms of these important aspects. Specifically, we first discuss the requirements for constituent components, including the current collector, electrolyte, and separator, in flexible batteries. We then elucidate battery chemistry systems that have been studied for various flexible batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, non-lithium-ion batteries, and high-energy metal batteries. This is followed by discussions on the device configurations for flexible batteries, including one-dimensional fiber-shaped, two-dimensional film-shaped, and three-dimensional structural batteries. Finally, we summarize recent efforts in exploring practical applications for flexible batteries. Current challenges and future opportunities for the research and development of flexible batteries are also discussed.
Journal Article
A moisture-enabled fully printable power source inspired by electric eels
Great efforts have been made to build integrated devices to enable future wearable electronics; however, safe, disposable, and cost-effective power sources still remain a challenge. In this paper, an all-solid-state power source was developed by using graphene materials and can be printed directly on an insulating substrate such as paper. The design of the power source was inspired by electric eels to produce programmable voltage and current by converting the chemical potential energy of the ion gradient to electric energy in the presence of moisture. An ultrahigh voltage of 192 V with 175 cells in series printed on a strip of paper was realized under ambient conditions. For the planar cell, the mathematical fractal design concept was adapted as printed patterns, improving the output power density to 2.5 mW cm−3, comparable to that of lithium thin-film batteries. A foldable three-dimensional (3D) cell was also achieved by employing an origami strategy, demonstrating a versatile design to provide green electric energy. Unlike typical batteries, this power source printed on flexible paper substrate does not require liquid electrolytes, hazardous components, or complicated fabrication processes and is highly customizable to meet the demands of wearable electronics and Internet of Things applications.
Journal Article
Electric‐Fish‐Inspired Thin Hydrogel Electrocytes Achieve High Power Density and Environmental Robustness
Electric‐fish‐inspired hydrogel‐based power sources offer a promising platform for powering soft, wearable, and implantable electronics due to their compliance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. They typically consist of high‐ and low‐salinity gel layers separated by anion‐ and cation‐selective gel compartments, generating an electric potential that emulates the diffusion‐based energy mechanisms of electrocytes in electric fish. However, their development has been hindered by high internal resistance, limited power density, and poor environmental stability. Here, a scalable layer‐by‐layer spin‐coating strategy is introduced to fabricate hydrogel electrocytes with precise thickness control, yielding 106.1 µm‐thick units comparable to biological electrocytes. This thin architecture significantly reduces resistance and enables high instantaneous power density (44.0 kW m−3) with low area‐normalized resistance (2.0 × 10−3 Ω m2.). By tailoring the hydrogel composition with a glycerol–carboxylated chitosan mixture, long‐term hydration (>98.7% after 120 h at 60% RH) and antifreezing performance down to −80 °C are achieved without encapsulation. Furthermore, varying layer thickness provides tunable energy density, while integration of PEDOT:PSS hydrogel electrodes preserves material compliance and yields robust, ready‐to‐use power systems. These advances overcome critical barriers in hydrogel‐based energy storage, establishing a versatile, scalable pathway toward stable, bioinspired power sources for next‐generation wearable, implantable, and autonomous devices. This study presents thin, environmentally stable hydrogel power sources inspired by electric fish. Made using layer‐by‐layer spin‐coating with glycerol‐enhanced solutions, they offer precise layer control, long‐term hydration, and anti‐freezing stability. The devices achieve a high‐power density of 44 kW m‒3, low resistance, and are biocompatible, making scalable, wearable, and implantable hydrogel‐based energy systems are possible.
Journal Article
Minimally invasive power sources for implantable electronics
As implantable medical electronics (IMEs) developed for healthcare monitoring and biomedical therapy are extensively explored and deployed clinically, the demand for non‐invasive implantable biomedical electronics is rapidly surging. Current rigid and bulky implantable microelectronic power sources are prone to immune rejection and incision, or cannot provide enough energy for long‐term use, which greatly limits the development of miniaturized implantable medical devices. Herein, a comprehensive review of the historical development of IMEs and the applicable miniaturized power sources along with their advantages and limitations is given. Despite recent advances in microfabrication techniques, biocompatible materials have facilitated the development of IMEs system toward non‐invasive, ultra‐flexible, bioresorbable, wireless and multifunctional, progress in the development of minimally invasive power sources in implantable systems has remained limited. Here three promising minimally invasive power sources summarized, including energy storage devices (biodegradable primary batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors), human body energy harvesters (nanogenerators and biofuel cells) and wireless power transfer (far‐field radiofrequency radiation, near‐field wireless power transfer, ultrasonic and photovoltaic power transfer). The energy storage and energy harvesting mechanism, configurational design, material selection, output power and in vivo applications are also discussed. It is expected to give a comprehensive understanding of the minimally invasive power sources driven IMEs system for painless health monitoring and biomedical therapy with long‐term stable functions. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of implantable medical electronics (IMEs) and three main categories of applicable alternative minimally invasive power sources. A detailed discussion of energy storage and harvesting mechanism, configurational design, output power and in vivo applications is given. An outlook based on the current advancements and limitations is also presented.
Journal Article
Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics
Medical science technology has improved tremendously over the decades with the invention of robotic surgery, gene editing, immune therapy, etc. However, scientists are now recognizing the significance of ‘biological circuits’ i.e., bodily innate electrical systems for the healthy functioning of the body or for any disease conditions. Therefore, the current trend in the medical field is to understand the role of these biological circuits and exploit their advantages for therapeutic purposes. Bioelectronics, devised with these aims, work by resetting, stimulating, or blocking the electrical pathways. Bioelectronics are also used to monitor the biological cues to assess the homeostasis of the body. In a way, they bridge the gap between drug-based interventions and medical devices. With this in mind, scientists are now working towards developing flexible and stretchable miniaturized bioelectronics that can easily conform to the tissue topology, are non-toxic, elicit no immune reaction, and address the issues that drugs are unable to solve. Since the bioelectronic devices that come in contact with the body or body organs need to establish an unobstructed interface with the respective site, it is crucial that those bioelectronics are not only flexible but also stretchable for constant monitoring of the biological signals. Understanding the challenges of fabricating soft stretchable devices, we review several flexible and stretchable materials used as substrate, stretchable electrical conduits and encapsulation, design modifications for stretchability, fabrication techniques, methods of signal transmission and monitoring, and the power sources for these stretchable bioelectronics. Ultimately, these bioelectronic devices can be used for wide range of applications from skin bioelectronics and biosensing devices, to neural implants for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Journal Article