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Scanner panel data analyses for sweetened and unsweetened drink categories (with four brands in each) support the presence of a region of price insensitivity around a reference price. The analyses also suggest that consumers with higher average reference price have a wider latitude of price acceptance. Consumers with a higher frequency of purchase (i.e., shorter average interpurchase time interval) are found to have a narrower latitude of price acceptance, because they are more aware of the range of price distributions. Finally, consumers with a higher average brand loyalty have a wider latitude of price acceptance, demonstrating greater tolerance of price fluctuations.

The choice between organic and conventional produce was estimated empirically using a two-equation probit model. Data were collected in-store on cosmetic defects, produce prices, and consumers' demographic and economic traits. Store choice displayed a significant impact on the probability of purchasing organic produce. Shoppers at the specialty grocer were sensitive to price differences between organic and conventional items. Households with children under eighteen were more likely to purchase organic produce while shoppers with graduate or professional degrees were less likely to do so. Differences in cosmetic defects had statistically significant albeit small effects on the probability of purchasing organics.

A widespread practice in grocery store advertising is to compare the advertised store's prices to a competitor's prices on multiple items. An important, but largely unexplored, issue is how this information is processed and used in conjunction with prior beliefs to influence price perceptions. In our initial studies we manipulated prior beliefs and two data-based cues-frequency of price advantage and magnitude of price advantage-to determine their relative influence on consumer price perceptions. Results indicate that prior beliefs affected price perceptions but that the frequency cue exerted a dominating influence. Several follow-up studies demonstrate the robustness of this phenomenon across a variety of presentational and instructional conditions.

The primary purpose of this article is to discuss the trade practices used by retail chains from the point of view of the possible solutions of conflicts between the members of the distribution channel, which have an influence on selling prices for the end users. It is based on the knowledge of the theory of the transaction cost analysis, which makes it possible for the members of the distribution channel to make decisions on the number of forms of the organization in order to realize their activities successfully. In this framework and using the example of milk, the article shows the trade practices of retail chains to improve the relationships manufacturer - retailer in the Slovak consumer market.

Community standards of fairness for the setting of prices and wages were elicited by telephone surveys. In customer or labor markets, it is acceptable for a firm to raise prices (or cut wages) when profits are threatened and to maintain prices when costs diminish. It is unfair to exploit shifts in demand by raising prices or cutting wages. Several market anomalies are explained by assuming that these standards of fairness influence the behavior of firms.

The aim of the research was to analyze the evolution of paddy and milled rice prices in the producer-consumer links and their correlation over the period 2000-2013.Data analysis was performed using the Stat graphics for individual variables by estimating regression and correlation equations.During the years of study individual variable, prices received by paddy rice producers was USD 0.23 kg-1 average, with a range between USD 0.12 and USD 0.35 kg-1, while the variable price per milled rice kilogram at the consumer level recorded, on average, USD 0.75, with a range between USD 0.47 and USD 1.05 kg-1.Key words: consumption per capita, producer price, consume price, rice paddy, price forecast.

Single-source yogurt data are used to examine whether both internal and external reference prices affect purchase decisions. Internal reference prices are memory-resident prices based on actual, fair, or other price concepts. External reference prices are observed stimuli, such as \"regular prices,\" that stores may display along with a sale price for comparability. Discrete choice models with variables representing the two types of reference prices are estimated, and both types of variables are found to have significant effects on purchase probabilities. This suggests that consumers may use multiple reference points in evaluating price in purchase decisions. In addition, a model using an indicator of a sale price discount explains purchase probabilities as well as one that models the actual discount, which suggests that consumers may be reacting to the indication of savings rather than to the amount of the discount.

La pandemia del covid-19 alteró el patrón de consumo de los hogares a nivel mundial. Estos cambios no los incorpora el Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC) porque dicha medición se basa en una canasta fija de bienes, lo cual podría estar subestimando la inflación en Colombia. En este documento se hace un ejercicio utilizando una estructura de ponderaciones alternativa para evaluar los cambios que podría presentar el cálculo en el IPC durante el periodo de la pandemia. Los resultados muestran que los precios al consumidor estarían aumentando más rápido de lo que indican las medidas del IPC con ponderaciones fijas.

The paper identifies and analyses the main factors which influences wine demand in the Czech Republic. Between the years 2003 and 2007, the average annual wine consumption increased from 16.3 L to 18.5 L per capita. There is a growing demand for quality wines as well as cheap wines packed in boxes or PET bottles. An increase in the proportion of red wines in the total wine consumption is observed. The main factors influencing wine consumption are the income of consumers, wine prices and the offer of other cheap alcoholic products, especially beer.

Bessler and Akleman investigate the use of directed graphs in providing help with the standard practice of assuming that omegat-1 is causally sufficient. They study relationships between farm- and retail-level values and prices for pork and beef using monthly data measured over the period 1980-97.