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Temporary price reductions (sales) as a means of promotion have become an increasingly important tool in the marketing mix of food retailers around the world. This paper investigates the retailers' pricing strategy by explicitly accounting for the multi-product nature of retailing. We find that retailers systematically adjust the breadth and depth of sales over time and they respond aggressively to their rivals' promotional activities. Finally, the breadth and depth of sales are found to be substitutes in the set of the available strategies to increase the store traffic.

Price transmission in pork meat agri-food chain was analysed with the aim to determine the type of market structure in the chain. A derived theoretical model and a fitted reduced model of price transmission in the form of VECM were used. Then, impulse response analysis and decomposition of variance of the fitted VECM show the system's reaction to innovations and the interaction between variables. As shown by the results, the processing stage may exercise an oligopsonic power. The impulse response analysis shows that the system approaches quite quickly the equilibrium and all responses are positive. Moreover, the decomposition of variance informs about the increasing role of the wholesale price in the explanation of forecast error variance of agricultural price. Then, it follows from the obtained results that the pork meat agri-food chain may be characterised as demand-driven. The type of market structure implies that the agricultural support is in this case shared within the vertically related markets and thus is less efficient.

Changes in maize price levels and variability in Ghana are investigated. A model of wholesale price determination is reviewed in which grain stocks are held for speculative storage as well as export to neighboring countries in the Sahel. To test the model, an Autoregressive Conditionally Heteroskedastic (ARCH) regression is applied to monthly maize data for two markets over the period 1978–93. The regression is used to measure changes in maize price volatility in Ghana, and to infer the importance of past prices, domestic and regional production, and commodity storage and trade in explaining these changes.

Price transmission asymmetry for peanuts used in peanut butter was examined using monthly data from 1984 to 1992. Results show an incomplete price pass-through from the wholesale to the retail level. Furthermore, the results indicate that the initial price response of peanut butter price to a reduction in peanut prices occurs later than the response to an increase in peanut prices. The price transmission is asymmetric in the short-run but symmetric in the long-run

This research quantitatively analyzed the relationship between selected internal apple characteristics and prices. It shows that wholesale prices for apples in Japan are very associated with brix, acid, and juice content. In the final analysis, the current prices and quality of apples imported from New Zealand and the United States cannot be competitive with Japanese ones. It is necessary to improve the quality of apples and lower the price in order to gain the popularity of imported apples among Japanese consumers

Wholesale prices of iceberg lettuce move in accord with free-on-board shipping point (FOB) price changes, uniformly adjusting in 1 week to rising and falling FOB prices. Retail prices, by contrast, adjust more slowly to FOB and wholesale price changes, and they respond slightly more to wholesale price increases than to decreases. Moreover, FOB and wholesale price changes often partially \"pass through\" retail prices, suggesting retailers stabilize their short-run prices by absorbing FOB and wholesale price rises and not passing along these price declines. Packer-shipper efforts to stabilize weekly FOB prices for 1 month reduces estimated averages of the retail price and retail-FOB price spread in 11 of 12 cities

Analyses of import quota regimes typically ignore institutional features under which the quota licenses are administered. However, distributing the bulk of import licenses to a small number of firms can create oligopsony power and hence affect the level of quota rent and the potential success of auctioning licenses. In this paper I test formally for this phenomenon in the U.S. dairy import quota regime. Results suggest that the administration of import licenses for cheese creates oligopsony power for U.S. cheese importing firms.

This study presents a testing methodology to analyze potential price asymmetries among the farm, wholesale, and retail levels of the U.S. broiler industry. Lag length, direction of causality, and asymmetric relationships are empirically determined. Results suggest that concentration and power of the integrators in the industry have allowed the wholesale price to become the center, causal price in the market. Asymmetric price transmissions, however, are limited. While downward movements in the wholesale price are passed on more fully to growers than increases in the wholesale price, only consumers in the North Central region of the U.S. share a larger portion of wholesalers’ price increases than price decreases.

The Alaska king crab industry historically has been one of the most lucrative fishing industries in the United States. Low 1991 exvessel prices stunned the industry. An econometric model of Alaska king crab price formation is developed in this article to provide insight into potential causes of price movements. Wholesale price formation and allocation for the two largest markets, Japan and the United States, are explicitly modelled. Specific market conditions are shown to have resulted in an unusual market structure encompassing processors' price formation and product allocation. Recent events, including the deterioration of the US wholesale king crab market and economic liberalization in Russia, may have a profound impact on this industry. Model results are used in a discussion of potential ramifications of these events to industry participants.

Classification and Regression Trees (CART), a computer intensive nonparametric classification method, was used to model weekly Los Angeles wholesale prices (1990-93) for twelve different melon types. CART explained more of the variation in melon prices than did an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with dummy variables. Explanatory variables ranked as the most-to-least important by CART are as follows: week, type of melon, year, size, grade, and shipping container. The most notable price change occurs when prices fall after 13 May.