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Moringa oleífera is a plant that is used as raw material in various industries, including those related to the field of chemistry such as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. One of the usable parts of the tree is the seed because the content between 30 and 45% oil. They enhance its therapeutic use in the treatment of more than 300 diseases. In this research the oil extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleífera varieties of Cuban origin Supergenious, Plain and Nicaragua is characterized from solid-liquid extraction with hexane and ethanol as solvents and by the method of mechanical pressing of the species Nicaragua . Through a design of experiment 2K solute-solvent variable ratio, extraction time were analyzed, and the grain size selected runs with values greater percentage of oil extracted. Oils corresponding to the selection were characterized physic-chemical and phytochemically and were compared with varieties from different regions reported in the literature. It was shown that the pressing method is efficient, economical and has no influence on the product properties obtained.

La obtención de aceite de aguacate variedad \"Hass\" (Persea americana Mill), surge como una alternativa de aprovechamiento del fruto con el fin de fortalecer la cadena productiva del mismo y contrarrestar las pérdidas de los productores por la sobreproducción a nivel nacional. En el presente trabajo se evalúa la extracción de aceite de aguacate por prensado en frio a 2 presiones de trabajo (2000PSI y 2500PSI), llevando a cabo previamente un proceso de deshidratación por liofilización, con el fin de evaluar la influencia del tiempo de congelación sobre 4 propiedades del aceite: densidad, índice de saponificación, índice de refracción e índice de acidez. Se dispusieron paralelepípedos de 0,5 cm de arista y se congelaron a -80[grados]C para evaluar 3 tiempos de congelación (6, 12 y 18 horas), transcurrido el tiempo se liofilizaron durante 24 horas, para finalmente someter la pulpa al proceso de prensado durante 30 minutos. Las cuatro propiedades determinadas para los tres tiempos de congelación no mostraron una tendencia definida y no se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas después de un análisis de varianza, sin embargo el mayor rendimiento de extracción (55,53%) se presentó durante el prensado de la pulpa congelada durante 6 horas y prensada a 2500 PSI.

Maurita flexuosa es una palma dioica y su fruto es una drupa oleaginosa de la cual cerca del 16.58% del mesocarpio se puede aprovechar para el proceso de transformación y extracción del aceite, por su alto índice de ácido oleico, del cual se destaca su contenido de provitaminas y de aceites polinsaturados que contribuyen a su actividad antioxidante. Con el objetivo de determinar la oferta natural de Mauritia flexuosa en el municipio de San José del Guaviare se adelantaron estudios poblacionales con el uso de herramientas SIG y ArcGIS. La oferta natural existente en el municipio corresponde a 1.351.175 palmas en producción y un estimado de 140.977 toneladas de drupas listas para el aprovechamiento. Para la extracción del aceite se evaluaron los métodos Soxhlet, Folch y presado en frio, obteniendo un rendimiento máximo de 51%, 13.35% y 28.63%, respectivamente. Se utilizó el modelo experimental denominado 2K, con 16 ensayos donde se definió el efecto de la temperatura, peso y pH. Igualmente se tuvieron en cuenta aspectos del mercado, costos, procesos de extracción y legislación. Por último, se verificó el contenido de bioactivos mediante cromatografía.

Starch-based foams (SBFs) were prepared with corn, potato, tapioca, and chayotextle starches. A compression baking process was used to develop the SBFs. Biodegradation studies showed that different sources of starch have a particular behavior. The starches showed values of degradation of ~85%, while the degradation of SBFs was ~70%. The SBFs were conditioned at relative humidities (RHs) of 0 and 75% and temperatures of 4 and 65°C. The starch source used to prepare the SBFs did not have an effect on the mechanical properties, but the storage conditions showed a significant effect on those properties; an increase of RH causes an increase in the mechanical properties. A similar behavior was observed in the conditioned SBFs at different temperatures. The increase of the storage temperature showed a slight reduction in the values of elongation at break. Microscopy revealed that the conditions of RH and storage temperature affect the internal structure of the SBFs.

Characterization, antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides from pre-pressing separation apple (Fuji) peel pomace were investigated in this study. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that apple peel polysaccharides (APPs) were a kind of heteropolysaccharides composed of three fractions with homogenous polarity. Both GC-MS and HPLC analysis showed that arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid were the main monosaccharides in APP. In vitro antioxidant activities of APP were characterized. Furthermore, administration of APP (450 mg/kg bw) in mice significantly decreased the CCl 4 -induced elevations of serum alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase and lactic dehydrogenase activities, and hepatic malondialdehyde level and inhibited the decreases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities caused by CCl 4 . Histopathological observation further confirmed that APP could protect the liver tissues from CCl 4 -induced histological alternation. These findings indicate that APP has the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials and provide a scientific basis for comprehensive utilization of pre-pressing separation apple peel pomace.

Walnuts of five cultivars (Sampion, Jupiter, Sejnovo, Elit, and Geisenheim 139) of Juglans regia were collected during the 2008 harvest in Cacak, Central Serbia. Two techniques of oil extraction were implemented - cold pressing and organic solvent extraction. The influence of the implemented methods on the fatty acid composition, tocopherol level as well as oxidative stability was examined. Predominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The oleic acid concentration ranged from 15.9_23.7% of the total fatty acids, while the linoleic acid concentration ranged from 57.2-65.1% and that of linolenic acid from 9.1-13.6%. The process of oil extraction had no significant effect on the concentration and composition of fatty acids in the oil. The total concentration of tocopherols ranged from 28.40 mg/100 g to 42.40 mg/100 g of the extracted oil. The most common tocopherol in all samples was gamma-tocopherol. The oil extracted using the Soxhlet method contained higher amounts of total tocopherols while the stability of the oil samples (expressed as induction period) ranged from 5.0 h to 7.1 hours. Reduced stability of the oil samples as measured by the Rancimat method was negatively correlated with the level of linolenic acid and total content of tocopherols.

This article is focused on the determination of the mechanical behaviour of several layers of plant seeds (Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus and Jatropha curcas) under compression loading. The results from the experiment showed that during compression plant seeds may change their mechanical behaviour. Deformation characteristic ceases to be a function of growing and begins to resemble that of trigonometric functions (this behaviour is called the wave effect). Limit deformation, strain energy and volume energy were determined for all the seeds tested. From the calculated amounts of the volume energy, garden pea had the best resistance to change in the mechanical behaviour due to the fact that its change in the mechanical behaviour was not discovered. The other plant seeds (common beans, common sunflower and jatropha) with respect to resistance to change in the mechanical behaviour followed in that order of magnitude.

Este artículo pretende brindar una alternativa para la fabricación de papel artesanal, con características similares al que se obtiene a partir de la celulosa extraída de la corteza de los árboles, a través del aprovechamiento de los residuos vegetales que contienen altos porcentajes de celulosa tales como pétalos de rosas, vástago de plátano y tallos de girasol, que se producen en las plazas de mercado en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se ha considerado que, de los 70,5 T/día de residuos sólidos que genera la ciudad, 88,5% son residuos vegetales de frutas, verduras y hortalizas que no son aprovechados.El procedimiento establecido permitió fabricar hojas de papel mezclando diferentes porcentajes de cada residuo vegetal, triturado y molido con pulpa de papel reciclado, para establecer cuáles de ellos ofrecían mejores características de calidad respecto al color, estabilidad dimensional, pliegue, escritura, humectación al ambiente, textura y resistencia a la penetración. Los impactos de este proyecto están dirigidos a contribuir en la búsqueda e implementación de técnicas sustentables de producción con el aprovechamiento de los residuos orgánicos generados en grandes cantidades en los centros de acopio de alimentos, la generación de ideas de negocios inclusivos —ya que se pretende favorecer a personas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad como desplazamiento y mujeres cabeza de familia—, además de incentivar la cultura del reciclaje y fortalecer la cadena productiva de este sector, permitiendo su restablecimiento socioeconómico a través del desarrollo de una actividad que exige una capacitación mínima para su desempeño.

This article is focused on the utilization of tangent curve for description of mechanical behaviour of pressed mixture under compression loading. The aim of this experiment was to determine the general equation describing deformation characteristics of pressed mixtures under compression loading and to verify this equation. The experiment was carried out using mixtures of seeds of Helianthus annuus, Jatropha curcas, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and also mixtures of spruce wood chips and waste paper chips. The results from the experiment showed that mechanical behaviour of the pressed mixtures under compression loading can be described by tangent curve function. From the determined coefficients of determination R2 it was clear that fitted tangent curve functions described the measured amounts exactly for all pressed mixtures. It can be therefore assumed that this tangent curve function is appropriate for use in pressing any pressed mixtures during linear compression.

An aqueous solution of phenolic resin was impregnated through drilled holes in wood, and we manufactured compressed wood with the deformation fixed by the phenolic resin. The methods of impregnation used in this study were an in-liquid platen-pressing method and a vacuum treatment. The effect of the drilled holes on solution retention was examined. Moreover, the control of solution retention was examined under the application of compression drying. The impregnation of resin into the specimens without drilled holes was insufficient, and the deformation could not be fixed. On the other hand, sufficient impregnation was possible in the specimen with drilled holes, and the deformation fixation was observed. At the stage of compression when the solution was squeezed out of the specimen, the solution retention of each specimen was accurately controlled in the specimens with drilled holes. At the stage of compressive deformation and deformation fixation using a hot press, the specimens without drilled holes could not be processed normally because swelling occurred. However, swelling did not occur in the specimens with drilled holes.