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This paper compares neural networks, specifically Unet, MobileNetV2, VGG16 and YOLOv4-tiny, for image segmentation as part of a study aimed at finding an optimal solution for price tag data analysis. The neural networks considered were trained on an individual dataset collected by the authors. Additionally, this paper covers the automatic image text recognition approach using EasyOCR API. Research revealed that the optimal network for segmentation is YOLOv4-tiny, featuring a cross validation accuracy of 96.92%. EasyOCR accuracy was also calculated and is 95.22%.

In recent years, the orderly charging of electric vehicles (EVs) in commercial parking has become a meaningful research topic due to the increasing number of EVs, especially for parking lots close to workplaces and serving fixed users. In this paper, a parking lot energy management system integrated with energy storage system (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) system is established. The concept of energy price tag (EPT) is introduced to define the price of all energy storage devices, and the priority order between PV, ESS, EVs, and power grid is established. Taking the minimization of charging cost as the optimization objective, the charging plans of ESS, EVs, and buildings are optimized considering the constraints of EVs user demand and PV power. By comparing the simulation results of four cases, it is proven that this strategy can reduce the charging cost and improve the consumption rate of PV.

As the world demand for energy continues to grow, a big question is where will all the energy come from and what will the price tag be. With such enormous sums needed, public-private partnerships (PPPs) could play a big role. But the financial crisis has raised worries about funding, and much is still not known about how best to attract PPPs. This report reviews the evidence to date with sectoral reforms and considers different approaches in varying circumstances to help outline the potential role of the private and public sector in: 1) strengthening the corporate governance of private and public utilities; 2) helping governments to establish legal, regulatory, contractual, and fiscal frameworks; and 3) improved market governance to attract private investment. Chapter one reviews the impact of the recent financial crisis on PPP investment compared with what happened in earlier financial crises. It also looks out the latest projections for additional power sector investment needed because of climate change and the possible sources of financing. Chapter two examines how PPP investment in the power sector has fared. It also gives the results of an econometric study that explores which types of incentives and variables matter most to PPPs when they are weighing entering the power sector, especially in renewables, and what influences the ongoing level of investment. The idea is to provide a powerful benchmarking tool at the sector and country levels against which governments and policy makers can evaluate progress on this issue. Chapter three examines four case studies-in China, Brazil, Peru, and Mexico-to identify, disseminate, and promote best practices on alternative ways to attract PPPs.

The report estimated that in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region alone about US{dollar}80 billion a year of additional investments would be required in low-emission projects (green investments), resulting in a significant financing challenge. The report argues that the solution lies in understanding the causes of the financial viability gap, and then investigating how specific actions, including strategic subsidies, concessional financing, and public policy interventions and reforms, can bridge this gap to make green investment transactions viable. The green infrastructure finance framework also underscores the benefits of valuing and monetizing carbon externalities. Moreover, it recognizes the effects of policy distortions and other negative factors that impinge on financial viability, emphasizing the need for an approach to analyze and explain the gap and to attribute its components to different stakeholders. This report shows that it is essential to measure global and local externality benefits against the causes of the viability gap such as perceptions of added risks, cost differentials, policy distortions, and other factors. Once these elements are fully considered, policy makers can identify practical ways to better structure the financing of green investment projects that can be supported by the market. Three key principals have guided the development of the framework: (i) targeting green finance resources on sectors that have large numbers of projects with low abatement costs; (ii) setting ceilings on the value of support that will be provided for a tone of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement in any sector or project; and (iii) using competitive mechanisms to ensure that projects do not receive more support than needed to make them financially attractive. This report is the second of a continuing series of green infrastructure finance publications. The first part undertook a stocktaking of leading initiatives and literature related to the green infrastructure finance theme. This second part is a conceptual piece that bridges ideas and concepts between environmental economics and project finance practices. Work will continue over the next months by operationalizing this framework (analytical methodology and assessment of green infrastructure investment climate) through a pilot in a selected EAP developing country. Given a better understanding of the financing challenges of different green projects, work will also continue in developing more customized and innovative financing instruments that can be specifically tailored to address the requirements of these projects.

The objective of the study was to determine the quantity and quality of information obscured by anti-theft and price tags on over-the-counter (OTC) medication labels. A cross-sectional field study was conducted by examining OTC medication packages in two cities: Houston, Texas and East Lansing, Michigan. A total of 849 packages of 124 products containing acetaminophen or combinations which included acetaminophen were evaluated for the presence of external tags and the information obscured by them. The results illustrated that more price tags (60.7%) were present than antitheft tags (21.0%). Information concealed by tags was predominantly from the Drug Facts box (50.4%), namely, warnings (23.6%), active ingredients (9.3%), and product use (4.4%). The results revealed that inappropriate tagging practices obscure Food and Drug Administration-mandated information on OTC medication labels. These tags may make it difficult for consumers to make informed decisions regarding product selection and use, thus, strategies for improvement are suggested.

To organize matters, the industry has adopted Ad-ID as a way to index ads. Ad-IDs are numerical tags that can be affixed to each piece of creative in an advertiser's campaign. This indexing makes it easier for ad buyers and ad sellers to ensure the right ad ran in the right slot the right number of times. Ad-ID, a joint venture between the 4A's and ANA, is currently used by more than 2,000 advertisers.

A fictional thief describes techniques of stealing books from bookstores. Book thieves come from a wide variety of backgrounds. They might need money, which they can get from the sale of stolen books. Or they might be students who are angered by the prices of books. Successful theft depends on three steps: targeting desirable items, concealing them from bookstore staff, and making a clean exit. Booksellers can frustrate thieves by remaining vigilant and by allowing honest customers to sit comfortably in shelf areas. Thieves do not like to be observed, or to steal books while other people are near.