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The purpose of the study was to identify the sociodemographic variables and social value correlates and predictors of employer-employee relationship problems in a random sample of 860 Brunei public and private sector workers of both genders. A quantitative field survey design was used and data were analyzed by correlation and logistic regression. The rationale and justification for using this approach is explained. The main sociodemographic correlates and predictors of employer-employee relationship problems in this study were educational level and the district in which the employee resided and worked. Other correlates, but not necessarily predictors, of employer-employee relationship problems were seeking help from the Bomo (traditional healer); obtaining help from online social networking; and workers with children in the family. The two best and most significant social value correlates and predictors of employer-employee relationship problems included interpersonal communications; and self-regulation and self-direction. Low scorers on the following variables were also associated with high likelihood for possessing employer-employee relationship problems: satisfaction with work achievements; and peace and security, while low scorers on work stress had lower odds of having employer-employee relationship problems. Other significant social value correlates, but not predictors of employer-employee relationship problems were self-presentation; interpersonal trust; peace and security; and general anxiety. Consistent with findings of relevant previous studies conducted elsewhere, there were the variables that correlated with and predicted employer-employee relationship problems in Brunei public and private sector workers. Having identified these, the next step, efforts and priority should be directed at addressing the presenting issues via counseling and psychotherapy with affected employees. Further research is recommended to understand better the problem and its possible solutions.

Tunisians are striving for the opportunity to realize their potential and aspirations in a country that is rich in both human and physical capital, but whose recent economic growth has failed to create enough opportunities in the form of good and productive jobs. This report highlights the main barriers that hinder the Tunisian labor market from providing income, protection, and prosperity to its citizens and proposes a set of labor policies that could facilitate the creation of better, more inclusive, and more productive jobs. The weak economic performance and insufficient and low-quality job creation in Tunisia is primarily the result of an economic environment permeated by distortions, barriers to competition, and excessive red tape, including in the labor market. This has resulted in the creation of a insufficient number of jobs, especially in the formal sector. To change this situation, policy makers need to address five strategic directives that can promote long-term inclusive growth and formality: foster competition; realign incentives, pay, and benefit packages in the public sector; move toward labor regulations that promote labor mobility and provide support to workers in periods of transition; enhance the productivity of informal workers through training and skills building; and reform existing social insurance systems and introduce new instruments to attain broader coverage.

Slow progress in improving the coverage of Latin America and the Caribbean's (LAC's) traditional social protection (SP) programs, combined with the deepening of democracy, have led to calls for a new social contract to provide effective social protection to all citizens. This book highlights the main findings of a regional study by the World Bank, from right to reality: how Latin America and the Caribbean can achieve universal social protection by improving redistribution and adapting programs to labor markets. The report analyzes LAC's social insurance (SI) systems and highlights growing concerns about the incentives they may create and the behaviors they may incite on the part of workers, employers and service providers. It offers an economic analysis of the roots of these problems and suggests a way forward to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner. The report argues that a coherent overall vision for the SP system should be established if such problems are to be understood and resolved. The goal is to turn the theoretical right to social protection, which is enshrined in many of the region's constitutions and laws, into a reality for all of LAC's population. A central message of the report is that SP systems need to respond to the realities of LAC's labor markets, especially the prevalence of informality and frequent changes of employment.

Economic growth has been sustained for many years pre-crisis in the region, but this has not resulted in the creation of an adequate number of jobs and has succeeded, at best, in generating low-quality, informal jobs. The report addresses one margin of exclusion: informal employment and the vulnerabilities and lack of opportunities associated with it. The report analyzes the constraints that prevent informal workers from becoming formal and discusses policy options to effectively address these constraints. This report looks at informality through a human development angle and focuses particularly on informal employment. Informality is a complex phenomenon, comprising unpaid workers and workers without social security or health insurance coverage, small or micro-firms that operate outside the regulatory framework and large registered firms that may partially evade corporate taxes and social security contributions. The first section provides a detailed profile of informal workers in the region. The second section describes the characteristics of informality in micro-firms that operate outside the regulatory framework and in larger firms that do not fully comply with social security contribution requirements and tax obligations. The third section presents informality and the firm. The fourth section focuses on informality: choice or exclusion? The fifth section discusses policy options for effectively expanding coverage of health insurance and pension systems and promoting the creation of better quality jobs.

Sri Lanka has long been regarded as a model of a successful welfare state in a low-income setting, yet it has not succeeded in creating a sufficient number of \"good jobs\" for the increasing number of young people. Hence, young Sri Lankans perceive their country as an unjust and unequal society, in which mainstream institutions have failed to address inequalities in the distribution of resources, as well as of benefits deriving from economic growth. Against this background, 'The Challenge of Youth Employment in Sri Lanka' aims to identify ways to improve the opportunities available to new job market entrants by addressing existing inequalities and to help young people more fully realize their potentials. Drawing from original research and a review of existing studies, the authors use the \"4Es\" conceptual framework to analyze four key aspects of labor markets—employment creation, employability, entrepreneurship, and equal opportunity—identifying main issues and results, current trends, and possible new approaches.

This survey assembles recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality and analyzes the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. Using recent evidence, the survey discusses the nature and roots of informal economic activity across countries, distinguishing between informality as the result of \"exclusion\" and \"exit.\" The survey provides an extensive review of recent international experience with policies aimed at reducing informality, in particular, policies that facilitate the formalization process, create a framework for the transition from informality to formality, lend support to newly created firms, reduce or eliminate inconsistencies across regulation and government agencies, increase information flows, and increase enforcement.

Following the 2001-2002 crisis, the economy of Argentina experienced a strong recovery, which extended throughout the time period from 2003 to 2011. Looking at levels of job creation and salary dynamics, the labor market also showed favorable behavior. One of the unique features of the labor market in these years was the marked increase in the relative share of employed individuals with high levels of education. However, this did not lead to an increase in salary dispersion; rather, on the contrary, there was an ostensible reduction in salary inequality.

This report constitutes a step towards the objective of designing an integrated strategy for rural poverty reduction in Brazil, with a particular focus on rural poor in the Northeast and Southeast of Brazil. The report identifies key determinants of rural poverty in these regions and proposes a strategic framework in which to couch a set of integrated policies that could effectively help to reduce rural poverty in Brazil. The need for an integrated strategy arises because of the heterogeneous nature of the rural poor in Brazil. As no single simple remedy for rural poverty reduction in Brazil can be identified, the report proposes as a more effective alternative, an integrated policy approach that provides multiple paths out of rural poverty tailored to key characteristics distinguishing various household groups.

Con posterioridad a la crisis de 2001–2002 la economía argentina exhibió una fuerte recuperación que se extendió a lo largo del periodo transcurrido entre 2003 y 2011. El mercado de trabajo también mostró un comportamiento muy favorable, a juzgar por los niveles de creación de empleo y la dinámica salarial. Uno de los rasgos distintivos que caracterizó el funcionamiento laboral de estos años fue el marcado aumento de la participación relativa en el empleo de los individuos con alto nivel educativo. Sin embargo, ello no repercutió en un aumento de la dispersión de los salarios, por el contrario, se constató una ostensible reducción de la desigualdad salarial. Following the 2001–2002 crisis, the economy of Argentina experienced a strong recovery, which extended throughout the time period from 2003 to 2011. Looking at levels of job creation and salary dynamics, the labor market also showed favorable behavior. One of the unique features of the labor market in these years was the marked increase in the relative share of employed individuals with high levels of education. However, this did not lead to an increase in salary dispersion; rather, on the contrary, there was an ostensible reduction in salary inequality. Après la crise de 2001–2002, l’économie argentine a montré une forte récupération qui s’est poursuivie au long de la période 2003–2011. Le marché du travail a aussi fait montre d’un comportement très favorable à en juger par les niveaux de création d’emploi et la dynamique salariale. Un des traits distinctifs qui a caractérisé le monde du travail au cours de ces années a été l’accroissement notable de la participation relative des individus ayant un haut niveau d’instruction. Cependant, ceci ne se reflète pas dans une dispersion accrue des salaires ; au contraire, on constate une réduction patente de l’inégalité salariale. Depois da crise de 2001–2002, a economia argentina exibiu uma forte recuperação que se estendeu ao longo do período transcorrido entre 2003 e 2011. O mercado de trabalho também mostrou um comportamento muito favorável a julgar pelos níveis de criação de emprego e da dinâmica salarial. Uma das características distintivas que caracterizou o funcionamento laboral destes anos foi o destacado aumento da participação relativa no emprego dos indivíduos com alto nível educativo. Contudo, isso não repercutiu num aumento da dispersão dos salários, pelo contrário, se constatou uma ostensiva redução da desigualdade salarial. 2001~2002年危机之后, 阿根廷经济实现了强劲复苏, 且保持了 2003~2011 年较长的增长周期。从就业创造和工资机制看, 劳动力市场也是表现良好。劳动力市场的一个显著特征是受过高等教育的劳动力人数所占比例明显上升。但是，这并没有带来工资离散程度的上升, 与之相反, 表面上出现了工资不平等的下降。

We employ data that match the population of Danish workers to the universe of private-sector Danish firms, with product-level trade flows by origin-and destination-countries. We document new stylized facts about offshoring and instrument for offshoring and exporting. Within job spells, offshoring increases (decreases) the high-skilled (low-skilled) wage; exporting increases the wages of all skill-types; the net wage-effect of trade varies substantially within the same skill-type; conditional on skill, the wage-effect of offshoring varies across task characteristics. We estimate the overall effects of offshoring on workers' present and future income streams by constructing pre-offshoring-shock worker-cohorts and tracking them over time.