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\"No sporting event is more culturally significant and popular than the Olympic Games. An estimated 4 billion people watched the opening ceremonies for the 2012 London Games. The Olympic logo of five interlocked rings outpaces both Nike and McDonalds for positive global recognition. The Olympic Games have embraced values such as character, fair play, chivalry, internationalism, and peace. Historically, these values emerged as part of the International Olympic Committee's policy of amateurism. Although there have been several works exploring smaller facets of the Olympic Games, there has never been a definitive book, grounded in historical research, exploring Olympic amateurism, the Games' most enduring ideal. This book represents a comprehensive exploration of the historical development and eventual decline of amateurism within the modern Olympic Games. At its inception, the International Olympic Committee required that all Olympic athletes comply with amateur rules that prohibiting them from profiting in any capacity from their sporting participation. However, over the course of the twentieth century, these rules first grew more rigid before gradually relaxing and dissolving. By the close of the millennium, the vast majority of Olympic athletes were openly professionals, with salaries and private endorsements. An Enduring Ideal: The Rise and Fall of Olympic Amateurism presents the first major history that explores how changes to the culture of sport coupled with shifting political forces brought about the eventual end to the century's most enduring sporting ideal\"-- Provided by publisher.

What purpose is served by renovation or redesign of professionalism, and how successful a process is it likely to be? This article addresses these questions by examining the effectiveness as a professional development mechanism of the imposition of changes to policy and/or practice that require modification or renovation of professionalism. The 'new' professionalisms purported to have been fashioned over the last two or three decades across the spectrum of UK education sectors and contexts have been the subject of extensive analysis, and this article avoids going over old ground and revisiting issues that have already been much debated. Nevertheless, the example of UK government education policy during this period is used as a basis for considering the pitfalls associated with mechanisms for modifying professionalism through a reform and standards agenda. The article's analysis incorporates re-definition and examination of the concept and substance of professionalism and offers new perspectives in the form of three distinct conceptions: demanded, prescribed and enacted professionalism. Exploring the existentialist status of 'new' or 'modified' professionalisms and the relationship between professionality, professional culture and professionalism, it examines how professionalism may be interpreted and utilised for the development of education professionals.

The first comprehensive analysis of the professionalization of medicine in postcolonial Mexico.

As we are witnessing the evolution of social media (SM) use worldwide among the general population, the popularity of SM has also been embraced by health care professionals (HCPs). In the context of SM evolution and exponential growth of users, this scoping review summarizes recent findings of the e-professionalism of HCPs. The purpose of this scoping review is to characterize the recent original peer-reviewed research studies published between November 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020, on e-professionalism of HCPs; to assess the quality of the methodologies and approaches used; to explore the impact of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs; to recognize the benefits and dangers of SM; and to provide insights to guide future research in this area. A search of the literature published from November 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020, was performed in January 2021 using 3 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus). The searches were conducted using the following defined search terms: \"professionalism\" AND \"social media\" OR \"social networks\" OR \"Internet\" OR \"Facebook\" OR \"Twitter\" OR \"Instagram\" OR \"TikTok.\" The search strategy was limited to studies published in English. This scoping review follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Of the 1632 retrieved papers, a total of 88 studies were finally included in this review. Overall, the quality of the studies was satisfactory. Participants in the reviewed studies were from diverse health care professions. Medical health professionals were involved in about three-quarters of the studies. Three key benefits of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs were identified: (1) professional networking and collaboration, (2) professional education and training, and (3) patient education and health promotion. For the selected studies, there were five recognized dangers of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs: (1) loosening accountability, (2) compromising confidentiality, (3) blurred professional boundaries, (4) depiction of unprofessional behavior, and (5) legal issues and disciplinary consequences. This scoping review also recognizes recommendations for changes in educational curricula regarding e-professionalism as opportunities for improvement and barriers that influence HCPs use of SM in the context of e-professionalism. Findings in the reviewed studies indicate the existence of both benefits and dangers of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs. Even though there are some barriers recognized, this review has highlighted existing recommendations for including e-professionalism in the educational curricula of HCPs. Based on all evidence provided, this review provided new insights and guides for future research on this area. There is a clear need for robust research to investigate new emerging SM platforms, the efficiency of guidelines and educational interventions, and the specifics of each profession regarding their SM potential and use.

Background Although it has been nearly 15 years since the Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter (the Physician Charter ) was proposed to reaffirm medical professionalism in response to the new challenges in healthcare delivery in the new century, the manner in which Chinese medical students agree with and fulfill the principles and responsibilities of professionalism defined in the Physician Charter still remains unknown. Methods In March 2016, 748 fifth-year medical students from China Medical University (CMU) participated in a survey in which they indicated their rate of agreement with and manner of fulfillment of the principles and responsibilities defined in the Physician Charter using a 10-point Likert scale. The data were then analyzed by t-tests, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple linear regressions. Results The total score of agreement with the Physician Charter was significantly higher than that of fulfillment ( p  < 0.001). The largest difference between agreement and fulfillment scores were with the principle of social justice (P3), commitments to improving access to care (R6), and a just distribution of finite resources (R7). Exploratory factor analysis distinguished two principles - primacy of patient welfare (P1) and patient autonomy (P2) - from the others in terms of the gap between agreement and fulfillment. This is partially because the proportion of students who rated agreement lower than fulfillment of P1 or P2 was much higher than it was for any other principle or responsibility. Additionally, multiple linear regressions show that students who are enrolled in a five-year program or who was registered as a rural resident (i.e. holding a rural Hukou) had significantly higher scores of agreement, but not fulfillment. Conclusions Chinese medical students endorsed the Physician Charter and its core values of medical professionalism, although they felt difficult to fulfill in practice. Medical educators and the health authority should act together to support and foster professional values.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to collect data on current practices for teaching and assessing professionalism in CAMPEP‐accredited residency programs. Methods A survey of 21 questions was sent to 160 program directors (PDs) of CAMPEP‐accredited residency programs. A list of professionalism skills was compiled from the AAPM MPLA curriculum: (a) Personal and interpersonal, (b) professional and developmental, and (c) executive and administrative. The survey collected information on: (1) residency program respondent demographics, (2) essential professionalism skills and training methods, (3) confidence and satisfaction in teaching professionalism, (4) assessment of professionalism, (5) barriers and desired resources, (6) training of PD and staff in professionalism, and (7) free response. Descriptive statistics and thematic analyses were used to evaluate the collected data. Results A total of 97 respondents completed the survey (therapy = 75, diagnostic = 22) with a 61% response rate. 16 out of 24 professionalism skills were deemed essential for trainees to develop during residency training. While 92% teach professionalism, only 51% reported confidence in teaching these skills. The ABR/ACR/RSNA/AAPM/ASTRO/ARR/ARS online modules are used by 87% but only 31% indicated that the modules are sufficient. Only 10% use a structured method for assessment. The majority (59%) assess professionalism in an ad‐hoc manner and 22% only assess when problems arise. 44% reported facing barriers to implementing a professionalism curriculum. The main barriers for developing a professionalism curriculum included: lack of time (39%), resources (32%), or expertise (26%). 79% reported that case studies were the most desired resource. 47% of respondents indicated receiving formal professionalism training. Conclusions There is a strong need and desire for structured professionalism training in residency programs. This study presents a consensus understanding of the professionalism skills that are deemed essential and teachable during residency and has identified areas for improvement in teaching, assessing, and developing curricula.