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The current structural models of the cellulose microfibril as well as its mechanical and thermal properties are reviewed. The cellulose microfibril can be considered as a single thin and long crystalline entity with highly anisotropic physical properties. The contribution and limit of different methods employed such as electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray scattering and diffraction, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular modeling are also discussed.

Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites In-depth overview of thermal analysis of natural fiber-reinforced composites In Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Thermal Properties and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers has delivered a comprehensive overview of the thermal properties of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The book brings together information currently dispersed throughout the scientific literature and offers viable and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional composites. The book highlights the thermal analysis of natural fiber-reinforced composites with techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, Thermomechanical Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, etc. This book provides: A thorough review of the thermal characterization of natural fiber-based hybrid composites Detailed investigation of the thermal properties of polymer composites reinforced with various natural fibers such as flax fiber, pineapple leaf fiber, sisal, sugar palm, grass fiber and cane fiber Discussions on the thermal properties of hybrid natural fiber-reinforced composites with various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers Influence of nanofillers on the thermal stability and thermal decomposition characteristics of the natural fiber-based hybrid composites Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Thermal Properties and Applications is a must-read for materials scientists, polymer chemists, and professionals working in the industry. This book is ideal for readers seeking to make an informed decision regarding materials selection for applications involving thermal insulation and elevated temperature. The suitability of natural fiber-reinforced composites in the automotive, mechanical, and civil engineering sectors is highlig

The book gives an understanding on how thermophysical properties change as function of alloy composition and complexity. In order to reach this goal, data on density, surface tension, and viscosity as functions of alloy composition and temperature are measured and discussed for pure liquid elements, liquid binary-, and ternary alloys.

The application of microwave energy for thermal processing of different materials and substances is a rapidly growing trend in modern science and engineering. In fact, optimal design work involving microwaves is impossible without solid knowledge of the properties of these materials. Here's a practical reference that collects essential data on the dielectric and thermal properties of microwaveable materials, saving you countless hours on projects in a wide range of areas, including microwave design and heating, applied electrodynamics, food science, and medical technology. This unique book provides hard-to-find information on complex dielectric permittivity of media at industrial, scientific, and medical frequencies (430 MHz, 915MHz, 2.45GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 24.125GHz). Written by a leading expert in the field, this authoritative book does an exceptional job at presenting critical data on various materials and explaining what their key characteristics are concerning microwaves.

Thermal insulation and warmth-keeping properties of thick plywood-faced sandwich panels with low-density fiberboard (plywood-faced sandwich, PSW), which were developed as wood-based structural insulation materials for walls and floors, are comprehensively clarified. The properties focused on were thermal conductivity (λ), thermal resistance (R), and thermal diffusivity (D). The results for PSW panels were compared with those for commercial wood-based boards, solid wood, and commercial insulators. The λ values were measured for PSW panels and their core and face elements. As a result, the composite theory of λ was found to be appropriate for PSW composites, because the calculated/experimental λ ratios were approximately 90%. The λ values for PSW panels with densities of 340 kg/m3 (PSW350) and 410kg/m3 (PSW400) were 0.070 and 0.077W/mK, respectively. The R values for PSW350 and PSW400 were 1.4 and 1.2m2K/W, and the D values were 0.00050 and 0.00046m2/h, respectively. Consequently, the PSW provided thermal insulation properties superior to those of the boards and in terms of warmth-keeping properties were greatly advantageous over the insulators. These advantages were due to the moderate densities of PSW panels. The PSW panel with sufficient thickness showed remarkably improved thermal resistance compared with those of the boards.

This book explains the metallurgy of steel and its heat treatment for non-metallurgists. It starts from simple concepts—beginning at the level of high-school chemistry classes—and building to more complex concepts involved in heat treatment of most all types of steel as well as cast iron. It was inspired by the author when working with practicing bladesmiths for more than 15 years. Most chapters in the book contain a summary at the end. These summaries provide a short review of the contents of each chapter. This book is THE practical primer on steel metallurgy for those who heat, forge, or machine steel.

Alcaligenes eutrophus genes encoding the enzymes, beta-ketothiolase (phaA), acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phaB), and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (phaC) catalyze the production of aliphatic polyester poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from acetyl-CoA. PHB is a thermoplastic polymer that may modify fiber properties when synthesized in cotton. Endogenous beta-ketothiolase activity is present in cotton fibers. Hence cotton was transformed with engineered phaB and phaC genes by particle bombardment, and transgenic plants were selected based on marker gene, beta-glucuronidase (GUS), expression. Fibers of 10 transgenic plants expressed phaB gene, while eight plants expressed both phaB and phaC genes. Electron microscopy examination of fibers expressing both genes indicated the presence of electron-lucent granules in the cytoplasm. High pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry evidence suggested that the new polymer produced in transgenic fibers is PHB. Sixty-six percent of the PHB in fibers is in the molecular mass range of 0.6 X 10(6) to 1.8 X 10(6) Da. The presence of PHB granules in transgenic fibers resulted in measurable changes of thermal properties. The fibers exhibited better insulating characteristics. The rate of heat uptake and cooling was slower in transgenic fibers, resulting in higher heat capacity. These data show that metabolic pathway engineering in cotton may enhance fiber properties by incorporating new traits from other genetic sources. This is an important step toward producing new generation fibers for the textile industry

The charring rates of 12 different wood species originating from Europe and the tropics with densities ranging from 350 to 750kg/m3 were investigated to obtain clues on their fire resistance behavior. This was done by measuring the thickness of the charred layer after a 30-min exposure to the standard fire ISO 834-1. No correlation was observed between charring rate and density. In search of another physical property that could be used as an indicator of fire resistance, the oxygen permeabilities of the selected wood types were measured. A strong correlation between oxygen permeability perpendicular to the wood fiber direction and charring rate was found, which is quite straightforward given that oxygen is the necessary component to enable smoldering and ignition, both affecting the charring rate. It seems that oxygen permeability is potentially more suitable as a parameter to evaluate the fire resistance of char-sensitive wooden constructions, rather than density. No general preference of the tree ring orientation from 0° (tangential) to 45° and 90° (radial) was found for these measurements.