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Purpose - Despite growing interest in low-carbon tourism research, few studies have explored travellers' motivations for choosing low-carbon destinations, particularly through the push-pull theory. Research indicates that motivations for environmental tourism may vary across cultures due to multiple factors, necessitating a context-specific investigation and diverse research approaches. This study addresses these gaps by applying the push-pull motivation theory to examine travel motivations in the context of low-carbon destinations in Thailand. A thorough understanding of tourist motivations across different cultural settings is essential for advancing theoretical knowledge and promoting sustainable tourism practices. Methodology/Design/Approach - Adopting a naturalistic inquiry approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Findings - The study identifies three push factors: good environment seeking, learning & knowledge seeking, and rest & escape; and six pull factors: attractive destination attributes, interesting tourist activities, appealing communication, convenient accessibility, environmentally friendly service providers, and environmental management appeals. The study reveals both common and new push and pull factors related to low-carbon travel motivations. Originality of the research - This study contributes to the push-pull motivation theory by introducing good environment seeking as a distinct push factor. It further refines the conceptualisation of pull factors by integrating sustainability practices with traditional destination attributes, thereby enhancing the theoretical understanding of what makes lowcarbon destinations attractive.

Background Physician migration has been gaining attention worldwide. In Germany, physician migration became a topic of interest in the context of the discussion about a shortage of physicians, for which one contributing factor may be physicians leaving the country. However, there is a lack of literature on “push” factors causing German physicians to leave. The present study seeks to provide current data in an effort to promote the identification of “push” factors motivating German physicians to emigrate. Methods In a cross-sectional survey, all physicians ≤40 years of age registered with the State Chamber of Physicians of Saxony, Germany ( n  = 5956) were sent a paper-pencil questionnaire examining socio-demographics, job satisfaction, the wish to emigrate, and the likelihood of moving abroad in the near future. Variables associated with the wish to emigrate were assessed with multivariate logistic regression models. Results Approximately 30% of participants wished to emigrate. The favourite destination countries were Switzerland, Scandinavian countries, and Australia or New Zealand. Of participants wishing to emigrate, approximately 52% thought it likely to emigrate for a limited, and 15% for an unlimited period of time. Participants with the wish to emigrate were significantly less satisfied with their job situation as compared to physicians without the wish to emigrate, the one exception being their “relationship with patients”. The three aspects with the highest difference in satisfaction were the overall work situation, followed by work load, and time for family, friends, and leisure activities. Being a woman, being in a relationship, and having children were associated with a lower chance for wishing to emigrate. Higher satisfaction with the factors “work load”, “patient care”, and “structural aspects” was also associated with a lower chance for wishing to emigrate. Conclusions Emigration seems to be a viable option for at least a subset of physicians. Preventive measures should address modifiable determinants associated with an increased chance for wishing to emigrate, such as job satisfaction. Especially satisfaction with the factor “work load” seems to play a crucial role as a “push” factor for physician emigration.

Climate change is a major source of concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and migration is often understood as one of several strategies used by households to respond to changes in climate and environmental conditions, including extreme weather events. This study focuses on the link between climate change and migration. Most micro-level studies measure climate change either by the incidences of extreme weather events or by variation in temperature or rainfall. A few studies have found that formal and informal institutions as well as policies also affect migration. Institutions that make government more responsive to households (for example through public spending) discourage both international and domestic migration in the aftermath of extreme weather events. Migration is often an option of last resort after vulnerable rural populations attempting to cope with new and challenging circumstances have exhausted other options such as eating less, selling assets, or removing children from school. This study is based in large part on new data collected in 2011 in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and the Republic of Yemen. The surveys were administered by in-country partners to a randomly selected set of 800 households per country. It is also important to emphasize that neither the household survey results nor the findings from the qualitative focus groups are meant to be representative of the five countries in which the work was carried, since only a few areas were surveyed in each country. This report is organized as follows: section one gives synthesis. Section two discusses household perceptions about climate change and extreme weather events. Section three focuses on migration as a coping mechanisms and income diversification strategy. Section four examines other coping and adaptation strategies. Section five discusses perceptions about government and community programs.

Current study is an attempt to look into the various theoretical concepts/ theories that help to understand what motivates individuals, especially young people, to travel and which are the practical implications of the analysed theories. In particular, we chose Maslow's Theory of Needs to analyse youth travel motivations. The study draws its base from two streams of literature, one being associated with motivations and the other dealing with the question of how motivations can influence travelling patterns of an individual. The literature review was done extensively and articles published in the domain of tourist motivations and related areas were traced and reviewed. Our analysis of youth tourism centred on Maslow's hierarchy of needs and confirmed its validity as an explanation of the most important youth travellers' motivations. The results also indicate that, due to recent technological developments affecting societies and young tourists' behaviours - especially those of Millennials - new needs have emerged, which are discussed in detail. The research has been carried out in light of the available literature and it fails to address empirical evidence. Also, the analysis of youth tourism needs to be extended to other motivation theories as those which are presented in this work.

The purpose of this research was to conduct a comparison of the push and pull factors affecting migration between Poland and Romania. The study aimed to find out which among the push and pull factors have a greater effect overall and individually on the migration activities. The study was conducted using primary data collected from migrants in both countries using a structured questionnaire. There were data from 298 and 288 surveys for Poland and Romania, respectively. The push and pull migration framework was applied to guide the study. The model suitability was confirmed satisfactory on validity, reliability and factor analysis. The hypothesis was analyzed and evaluated using multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study indicated that pull factors have a greater influence on migration in these two countries as compared to the push factors. Five out of six (economic, political and social in Poland and economic and political in Romania) pull factors were found significant as compared to two (social in Poland and in Romania) out of six push factors. Pull economic factors were significant determinants of migration in all the countries. Pull political factors were found to have the highest effect in both countries, because they influenced migrants in Romania. Economic factors are the major factors that influence migration, including the hope of finding better jobs and better life in the foreign countries, and these factors should be addressed in the effort to reduce migration. In addition, political issues such as unfair legal system, violent conflicts, underdevelopment, poverty, political instability and corruption should be addressed to control the issue of migration.

PurposeHow to improve continuance commitment for platform workers is still unclear to platforms' managers and academic scholars. This study develops a configurational framework based on the push-pull theory and proposes that continuance commitment for platform workers does not depend on a single condition but on interactions between push and pull factors.Design/methodology/approachThe data from the sample of 431 full-time and 184 part-time platform workers in China were analyzed using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (FsQCA).FindingsThe results found that combining family motivation with the two kinds of pull factors (worker's reputation and algorithmic transparency) can achieve high continuance commitment for full-time platform workers; combining job alternatives with the two kinds of pull factors (worker's reputation and job autonomy) can promote high continuance commitment for part-time platform workers. Particularly, workers' reputations were found to be a core condition reinforcing continuance commitment for both part-time and full-time platform workers.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that platforms should avoid the “one size fits all” strategy. Emphasizing the importance of family and improving worker's reputation and algorithmic transparency are smart retention strategies for full-time platform workers, whereas for part-time platform workers it is equally important to reinforce continuance commitment by enhancing workers' reputations and doing their best to maintain and enhance their job autonomy.Originality/valueThis study expands the analytical context of commitment research and provides new insights for understanding the complex causality between antecedent conditions and continuance commitment for platform workers.

PurposeResearch on women-owned businesses is more extensive in developed countries than in developing countries. This prompted the authors to investigate the factors that affect women entrepreneurs' motives to start a business and the challenges they faced in running their businesses in India.Design/methodology/approachData for the analysis were collected from 620 respondents using a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews with 20 women entrepreneurs. The data were then analyzed using descriptive and factor analysis in the statistical software “SPSS” (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).FindingsThe findings showed that the primary motivation for women to launch their own business was to achieve self-employment. Other motivations include increasing income and allowing women to follow their passion. Factor analysis indicates that women entrepreneurs are more motivated by push than pull factors. The research also shows that women encounter challenges in their entrepreneurial journey, such as access to financing, issues with gender equality and social and cultural obligations.Originality/valueThe study on women entrepreneurs in the Indian context is limited. This study responds to a need of better understanding of women motivations and challenges. By studying these constructs, the study shows that start-up motives and challenges faced by female entrepreneurs are unique to different contexts.

The key objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of migration in the study area with respect to push and pull factors. At the same time, this study also investigates the impact of migration on the environment and public health. A structural equation model has been applied based on primary data that was collected via a questionnaire and an interview survey. The push factors, such as financial problems, employment problems, concern about children's futures, extreme poverty, political causes, and landlessness, have a positive impact on migration. Pull factors such as better facilities, positive information, joint families, demographic factors, and higher income have a positive impact on migration. However, migration has a tremendous impact on environmental degradation and public health vulnerabilities. People should be aware of any planned migration and population distribution in relation to a city's resources and capabilities, as well as increased facilities in rural areas, such as health care facilities, education facilities, and information facilities that are better or equal to those in urban areas. Furthermore, this research contributes to social, political, environmental, and economic issues not only in the study area but also in Bangladesh. However, this study makes significant contributions to existing literature through the enhancement of migration theories, public health, and environmental meditation.

The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the main factors driving young Moroccan IT professionals to emigrate. Through qualitative exploratory research, we aim to explore the Brain Drain within individuals belonging to the Y and Z generations. The theoretical model of this study was based on Lee's (1996) general framework. The research methodology was based on conducting semi-structured interviews with 22 young IT professionals who have either already emigrated with significant years of experience. This qualitative approach allows us to understand the multifaceted nature of their decision-making process. Through the data analysis, we have identified three dichotomous factors that serve as both push and pull factors, contributing to the phenomenon of brain drain among young IT professionals in Morocco. These factors include economic considerations, professional aspirations and social dynamics. Each factor plays a distinct yet interconnected role in shaping individuals' decisions to emigrate.

This paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment. Using Eurostat business demography data, a strongly balanced panel model pertaining to 148 European regions from 2008 to 2017 is assembled and a fixed effects regression technique is used to analyse the relationship between net business population growth and lagged unemployment. Results from the analysis show evidence of a negative relationship. However, when we stratify regions based on their economic performance, we find that this relationship is positive in higher performing regions and negative in lower performing regions, suggesting that push-factor or necessity-based entrepreneurship may be more prevalent in leading rather than lagging regions. Implications for policy are discussed. Results for the influence of industrial concentration and variety on entrepreneurship are also obtained.