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Tracking the maximum power point is a critical issue with solar systems. The power output of the solar panel varies due to variations in irradiance and temperature. Nonuniform irradiation due to partial shading conditions has a direct impact on the characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems. To build a diversity of maximum power point tracking algorithms in solar PV systems, this work focuses on perturb and observe, incremental conductance, and fuzzy logic control methodologies. The suggested fuzzy logic control method outperformed the conventional incremental conductance and perturb and observe algorithms with a collection of 49 rules. This paper presents a novel series-parallel-cross-tied PV array configuration with a developed fuzzy methodology. To comment on the performance of a proposed system under various partial shading conditions, a series-parallel PV array configuration has been considered. The simulation result demonstrates that the fuzzy method has a percentage improvement in the global maximum power point tracking efficiency of 24.85% when compared to the perturb and observe method and a 65.5% improvement when compared to the incremental conductance method under long wide partial shading conditions. In the case of the middle partial shading condition, the fuzzy method has a percentage improvement in the global maximum power point tracking efficiency of 12.4% compared to the perturb and observe method and a 60.7% improvement compared to the incremental conductance method.

Currently, the critical challenge in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is to make them energy efficient. One of the key factors that can reduce the PV system power output is partial shading conditions (PSCs). The reduction in power output not only depends on a shaded region but also depends on the pattern of shading and physical position of shaded modules in the array. Due to PSCs, mismatch losses are induced between the shaded modules which can cause several peaks in the output power-voltage (P-V) characteristics. The series-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT), bridge-link (BL), honey-comb (HC), and triple-tied (TT) configurations are considered as conventional configurations, which are severely affected by PSCs and generate more mismatch power losses along with a greater number of local peaks. To reduce the effect of PSCs, hybrid PV array configurations, such as series-parallel: total-cross-tied (SP-TCT), bridge-link: total-cross-tied (BL-TCT), honey-comb: total-cross-tied (HC-TCT) and bridge-link: honey-comb (BL-HC) are proposed. This paper briefly discusses the modeling, simulation and performance evaluation of hybrid and conventional 7 × 7 PV array configurations during different PSCs in a Matlab/Simulink environment. The performance of hybrid and conventional PV configurations are evaluated and compared in terms of global maximum power (GMP), voltage and currents at GMP, open and short circuit voltage and currents, mismatch power loss (MPL), fill factor, efficiency, and a number of local maximum power peaks (LMPPs).

This paper presents an experimental investigation on photovoltaic array (PV array) power output affected by partial shading conditions (PSCs). An experiment setup of a PV array with a series configuration using 2 × 4 photovoltaic modules (PV modules) was built. The power output loss due to the shading effect on the first photovoltaic cells (PV cell) connected with bypass diodes of each photovoltaic module, installed in the PV array in the horizontal direction, was evaluated. Depending on the direction of the sun relative to the PV array configuration, the shading percentage was measured during the test and recorded the current and voltage of the PV array. The performance evaluation of the PV array configurations is referred to with respect to the values of maximum power voltage, the maximum power current, maximum power output, power output losses and fill factor (FF). The experimental results show that 44% shading of the first PV cells affects PV array power output loss by more than 80%.

Partial shading condition (PSC) causes the significant increase in power losses of solar photovoltaic arrays. Partial shading is due to the shadows of passing clouds, chimneys, trees, bird droppings, various tall building structures etc. At the PSCs, the local hotspots are formed in the partially shaded PV modules due to increase in temperature of the shaded module during its operation in reverse bias condition. The hotspots in the PV modules can be avoided by connecting bypass diodes in anti‐parallel to the modules. But due to the functioning of bypass diodes, several peaks are produced in the I‐V and P‐V characteristics. Apart from this phenomenon, the mismatch losses are also arises between the modules with significant reduction in output power from the PV array. The objective of this paper is to model, analyze, simulate and evaluate the performance of 7 × 7 PV array configurations such as Series‐Parallel, Bridge‐Link, Honey‐Comb and Triple‐Tied in the presence of various PSCs. The PSCs considered are corner, center, right side end, bottom side end, L‐shape, frame, random and diagonal shadings. The performance of these configurations under different shading patterns have been compared and analyzed with the performance parameters like open circuit voltage, short circuit current, global peak power (GPP), voltages and currents at GPP, number of local peak powers (LPPs), voltages and currents at LPP, mismatch losses, fill factor and efficiency. All the configurations are simulated by using KYOCERA‐KC200GT PV module specifications. This research article examined the performance of 7 × 7 solar PV array configurations: SP, BL, HC and TT PV configurations under various partial shading patterns such as corner, center, right side end, bottom side end, L‐shape, frame, random and diagonal shadings in terms of various performance parameters.

A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of a PV panel, controller and boost converter. This review article presents a critical review, contributing to a better understanding of the interrelationship of all these internal devices in the PV system, their respective layouts, fundamental working principles, and architectural effects. The PV panel is a power-generating device. A controller is an electronic device that controls the circulating circuits in a PV system to collect as much PV output as possible from the solar panel. The boost converter is an intermediate device that regulates the PV output based on the duty cycle provided by the controller. This review article also updates readers on the latest information regarding the technological evolution of these interconnected devices, along with their predicted future scope and challenges. Regarding the research on PV panels, this paper explains in depth the mathematical modeling of PV cells, the evolution of solar cell technology over generations, and their future prospects predicted based on the collected evidence. Then, connection patterns of PV modules are studied to better understand the effect of PV array configuration on photovoltaic performance. For the controller, state-of-the-art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are reviewed under the classification to reveal near-term trends in MPPT applications. On the other hand, various converter topologies proposed from 2020 to 2022 are reviewed in terms of tested frequency, voltage gain, and peak efficiency to comprehend recent evolution trends and future challenges. All presented information is intended to facilitate and motivate researchers to deepen relevant applications in the future.

The grid-connected or standalone PV central inverter architecture is comprised of several PV modules which are connected in different ways to form the PV array. The power generation capability of the PV array is primarily affected by partial shading conditions (PSC). Due to PSCs, the power output of the PV array is dramatically reduced, and mismatching losses are induced in the PV modules. Based on the extent of these problems, multiple peaks also appear in the power-voltage (P-V) curve, which makes it very difficult to track the global maximum power point (GMPP). The main objective of this research paper is to model and simulate the series (S), series-parallel (SP), bridge-link (BL), honey-comb (HC), total-cross-tied (TCT) and proposed triple-tied (TT) solar PV array configurations under various partial shading scenarios. The performance of all PV configurations is evaluated under a uniform approach, considering eight different shading scenarios. The performance of the considered PV configurations is analyzed in terms of their mismatching power losses, fill factors, efficiency, global maximum power points (GMPPs), local maximum power points (LMPPs), voltages and currents at GMPPs, open circuit voltage and short circuit currents. The above-mentioned PV configurations are modeled and simulated in a Matlab/Simulink environment by considering the KC-200GT module parameters.

Correct matching between PV array and inverter improves the inverter efficiency, increases the annual produced energy, decreases the clipping losses of the inverter, and prevent to a large extent the inverter frequent shut downs during clear sunny days of high solar radiation and low ambient temperature. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for selecting the appropriate peak power of the PV array with respect to the inverter output AC rated power taking into account the local daily distribution of solar radiation and ambient temperature. In addition, the proposed methodology specifies the appropriate number of PV modules in each string and the number of parallel strings connected to the input of the inverteraccording to its specifications and to PV cell temperature. Mathematically modeling of system parameters and components are presented and used in the simulation to investigate the different scenarios. The paper presents also a case study using simulation to find the optimal matching parameters of a PV array connected to an inverter with the specifications: 6 kW rated output power, an input mpp voltage range of 333-500 V, 6.2 kW maximum input DC power, and an output AC voltage of 230 Vrms. Considering the local climate conditions in West Bank, the simulation resulted a peak power of 7 kW for the PV array, which is greater than the inverter output power by the factor 1.16. In addition, the obtained PV array consists of two parallel strings each includes 12 PV modules  connected in series  while each PV module is rated at 290 W. The output voltage of the PV arrayvaries between 359 V to 564 Vat minimum and maximum temperature of 10 ˚C to 70 ˚C respectively. This PV array-inverter combination resulted by simulation an annual yield of 1600 kWh/kWp and an energy of 11197 kWh which corresponds to an energy gain of 1591 kWh/year more than using a PV array with a peak power of 6 kW as the inverter rated power.

The characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) are directly affected by partial shading (PS) conditions due to the non-uniform irradiance. The PV system can be compromised based on the shading pattern as well as the shading area. Thus, the need for a solution that can deal with non-uniform irradiance has increased significantly. Consequently, this paper proposes a thorough analysis of the impact of PS patterns on different PV array configurations such as SP, TCT, and BL. The five optimization algorithms PSO, DA, MLS-SPA, IGWO, and BWO, were used to tune the variable step of the conventional P&O technique to extract the maximum power point. The proposed PV array is 4×4 with a fixed location, yet changing electrical connections. The main objective and novelty of this paper is to locate the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) of a PV array while the occurrence of different PSC with fast change of hybrid load e.g., (resistive and pump load). The results showed the superior performance of the IGWO algorithm regarding the maximum power tracking and disturbance rejection.

Partial shadings cause output power reduction from Photovoltaic (PV) arrays due to mismatch losses. The selection of PV array configurations play a vital role in maximum power generation. This paper proposes a novel Triple-Tied-Cross-Linked (T-T-C-L) configuration to extract maximum power with a lesser number of cross ties than a Total-Cross-Tied (T-C-T) configuration. The performance of the proposed T-T-C-L configuration has been compared with various conventional PV array configurations, such as Series (S), Parallel (P), Series-Parallel (S-P), Bridge-Link (B-L), Honey-Comb (H-C), and T-C-T under Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs) by considering the 9x9 PV array. The PSCs considered are uneven row, column, diagonal, random, short& narrow, short & wide, long & narrow, long & wide shadings and uniform half module shading. The measures, such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum power, voltages and currents at maximum power, mismatch losses, fill factor and efficiency have been used for performance analysis of various configurations. From the results, it can be concluded that the performance of the proposed T-T-C-L configuration is optimal compared to other configurations.

One of the most important causes of a reduction in power generation in PV panels is the non-uniform aging of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The increase in the current–voltage (I–V) mismatch among the array modules is the primary cause of this kind of degradation. There have been several array configurations investigated over the years to reduce mismatch power loss (MPL) caused by shadowing, but there have not been any experimental studies that have specifically examined the impact of various hybrid array topologies taking PV module aging into consideration. This research examines the influence of the non-uniform aging scenario on the performance of solar PV modules with various interconnection strategies. Experiments have been carried out on a 4 × 10, 400 W array with 12 possible configurations, including three proposed configurations (LD-TCT, SP-LD, and LD-SP), to detect the electrical characteristics of a PV system. Finally, the performances of different module configurations are analyzed where the newly proposed configurations (SP-LD and LD-SP) show 15.80% and 15.94% higher recoverable energy (RE), respectively, than the most-adopted configuration (SP). Moreover, among the twelve configurations, the SP configuration shows the highest percentage of MPL, which is about 17.96%, whereas LD-SP shows the lowest MPL at about 4.88%.