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The photovoltaic (PV) cell is the smallest building block of the PV solar system and produces voltages between 0.5 and 0.7 V. It acts as a current source in the equivalent circuit. The amount of radiation hitting the cell determines how much current it produces. The equivalent circuit of an ideal PV cell consists of a diode and a parallel current source. In order to express losses in applications, series and parallel resistance are added to the ideal equivalent circuit of the PV cell. There are many equivalent circuits in the literature for modeling the equivalent circuit of a PV cell. The single-diode equivalent circuit is the most widely used model because of its simplicity and ease of analysis. There are several methods available to estimate and analyze the parameters of PV cell models, such as Newton Raphson method, Lambert-W function, etc. In this study, the Newton Raphson method was used to find the equivalent circuit parameters of a PV cell. Fill factor is used to determine the quality of electricity generated by the photovoltaic cell. Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage value that the PV cell can transmit. The analysis of PV cell fill factor and open-circuit voltage was carried out using the developed software program. Then, the open-circuit voltage and fill factor were found using the software program prepared in MATLAB and given in Appendix.

Finding the equivalent circuit parameters for photovoltaic (PV) cells is crucial as they are used in the modeling and analysis of PV arrays. PV cells are made of silicon. These materials have a nonlinear characteristic. This distorts the sinusoidal waveform of the current and voltage. As a result, harmonic components are formed in the system. The PV cell is the smallest building block of the PV system and produces voltages between 0.5 V and 0.7 V. It serves as a source of current. The amount of radiation hitting the cell determines how much current it produces. In an ideal case, a diode and a parallel current source make up the equivalent circuit of the PV cell. In practice, the addition of a series and parallel resistor is made to the ideal equivalent circuit. There are many equivalent circuits in the literature on modeling the equivalent circuit of a PV cell. The PV cell single–diode model is the most used model due to its ease of analysis. In this study, the iterative method by Newton–Raphson was used to find the equivalent circuit parameters of a PV cell. This method is one of the most widely used methods for determining the roots of nonlinear equations in numerical analysis. In this study, five unknown parameters (Iph, Io, Rs, Rsh and m) of the PV cell equivalent circuit were quickly discovered with the software program prepared based on the Newton–Raphson method in MATLAB.

The diffusion technology has been developed for the formation of binary clusters involving elements of group III and V in silicon. It is shown that by controlling the concentration of elements of group III and V atoms, multilayer silicon-based heterojuns can be formed in the surface region of silicon with enriched AIIIBV nanocrystals, followed by enriched with various combinations of Si2AIIIBV unit cells (1 – 5 m thick). This creates a practical new material based on silicon - a continuous graded-gap structure, i.e. heterojunsby a smooth transition from the band gap of III – V semiconductor compounds to the band gap of silicon.

Solar energy is one of the most potential sources of power production among all the renewable energies which is eco-friendly and can be much cheaper too. The energy conversion efficiency of the PV module decreases even more due to an increase in operating cell temperature over a certain limit. One way of improving the efficiency of the system is to maintain a low operating temperature by cooling it down during its operational period. This study compares the effects of cooling on the performance of photovoltaic systems. Experiments are performed on the solar panel inclined at a fixed 23.45° angle with the horizontal to the south without active cooling initially to have a set of reference performance parameters for comparison. The polycrystalline PV Module was tested with different cooling methods including Normal water Spray over the front surface, wet jute, and wet woolen material over the back surface of the panel. The cooling of the panels combined with the soiling effect enhances solar efficiency. The wet woolen material results in the most significant efficiency improvement, followed closely by wet jute and normal water spray.

In the design process of a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, determination of the maximum power that can be extracted from the PV modules is essential, especially for the dimensioning of the individual parts of the plant. This paper presents the determination of the maximum power point (MPPT) of a bifacial PV system using three different cell models. The optimal power point is determined by using a novel multi-verse optimization (MVO) algorithm as the optimization tool. In this research work the MPPT of bifacial PV modules is determined by using the following three PV cell models: ideal single diode model, real single diode model, and two-diode model of PV cell. These cell models are developed for single-sided PV modules and therefore a proper modification of the models is necessary in order to be applied for the investigated modules. The purpose of this optimization procedure is to determine the maximum power of a bifacial PV module by minimizing the power difference between the calculated power and the experimentally determined power for certain atmospheric conditions.

The article presents theoretical foundations of application of the reduced [I-V] Blaesser’s characteristics in predicting a photovoltaic cell/module (PV) efficiency, together with calculation procedures. A detailed analysis of the error of this transformation method of characteristics was carried out. Its practical application in predicting efficiency of operation of various PV cells and modules in medium and high insulation conditions was demonstrated. The practical suitability of the presented method in early detection of ageing phenomena, such as, for example, absorber degradation taking place in PV modules, was demonstrated. The article was prepared on the basis of the results of testing five different PV modules with various constructions, made of different materials and absorbers, such as: c-Si, mc-Si, CIS, a-Si_SJ, a-Si_TJ. The used measurement data were collected during the 16-year period of the experimental PV modules testing system operation in Opole University, equipped with a data acquisition system.

Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic systems, in addition to helping in the design phase of the project, can be used to emulate system performance in real time, serving to identify any failures that may occur. In this way, static PV models are widely used in the literature. Among them, the single-diode model is preferred by many authors, due to its simplicity and accuracy. However, some research works prove limitations of this model, especially for low irradiance levels. In this context, a new dynamic two-diode model is proposed in this paper which makes it possible to overcome the drawbacks of the single-diode model on the one hand and to describe PV cell behavior on faulty cases on the other hand. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is employed to measure the internal parameters of the studied PV cell model, namely the series resistance, shunt resistance, and junction capacitor for low irradiance levels from 1 to 36 W/m 2 . Experimental results show that although the series resistance remains constant, the shunt resistance and junction capacitance are sensitive to either the operation zone of the PV cell or the irradiance level. An interpolation of capacitor and shunt resistance is then proposed, and the elaborated dynamic two-diode eight-parameter model is validated for both low and high irradiance levels. Experimental results prove the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model for monocrystalline PV cells.

Accurate parameter estimation of photovoltaic (PV) cells is crucial for establishing a reliable cell model. Based on this, a series of studies on PV cells can be conducted more effectively to improve power output; an accurate model is also crucial for the operation and control of PV systems. However, due to the high nonlinearity of the cell and insufficient measured current and voltage data, traditional PV parameter identification methods are difficult to solve this problem. This article proposes a parameter identification method for PV cell models based on the radial basis function (RBF). Firstly, RBF is used to de-noise and predict the data to solve the current problems in the parameter identification field of noise data and insufficient data. Then, eight prominent meta-heuristic algorithms (MhAs) are used to identify the single-diode model (SDM), double-diode model (DDM), and three-diode model (TDM) parameters of PV cells. By comparing the identification accuracy of the three models in two datasets in detail, the final results show that this method can effectively achieve parameter extraction, with advantages such as high extraction accuracy and stability, greatly improving the accuracy and reliability of parameter identification. Especially in the TDM, the I-V data and P-V data obtained from the PV model established through the identified parameters have very high fitting accuracy with the measured I-V and P-V data, reaching 99.58% and 99.65%, respectively. The research can effectively solve the low accuracy problem caused by insufficient data and noise data in the traditional method of identifying PV cells and can greatly improve the accuracy of PV cell modeling. It is of great significance for the operation and control of PV systems.

The article presents theoretical foundations of a two-diode equivalent model of a photovoltaic cell/module (PV), together with calculation procedures. A physical interpretation of individual components of an equivalent model was presented. Its practical application in predicting efficiency of operation of various PV cells and modules in low insulation conditions was demonstrated. The obtained predictions were verified with the actual results of their operation in open space (outdoor). The practical suitability of the “model” in early detection of ageing phenomena, such as, for example, absorber degradation taking place in PV modules, was demonstrated. The article was prepared on the basis of the results of testing five different PV modules with various constructions, made of different materials and absorbers, such as: c-Si, mc-Si, CIS, a-Si_SJ, a-Si_TJ. The used measurement data were collected during the 16-year period of the experimental PV modules testing system operation in University of Opole, equipped with a data acquisition system.

Transition metals have been recognized as excellent and efficient catalysts for the electrochemical nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR) to value‐added chemicals. In this work, a class of core–shell electrocatalysts that utilize nickel nanoparticles in the core and nitrogen‐doped porous carbon architecture in the shell (Ni@NC) for the efficient electroreduction of NO to ammonia (NH3) is reported. In Ni@NC, the NC prevents the dissolution of Ni nanoparticles and ensures the long‐term stability of the catalyst. The Ni nanoparticles involve in the catalytic reduction of NO to NH3 during electrolysis. As a result, the Ni@NC achieves a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 72.3% at 0.16 VRHE. The full‐cell electrolyzer is constructed by coupling Ni@NC as cathode for NORR and RuO2 as an anode for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which delivers a stable performance over 20 cycles at 1.5 V. While integrating this setup with a PV‐electrolyzer cell, and it demonstrates an appreciable FE of >50%. Thus, the results exemplify that the core–shell catalyst based electrolyzer is a promising approach for the stable NO to NH3 electroconversion. Drastically reduced overpotential for NO to NH3 electroconversion on a core–shell electrocatalyst enables an energy‐efficient NORR in a PV‐assisted NO full‐cell electrolyzer. The carbon shell in the catalyst protects the Ni core from dissolution, thereby promoting better selectivity toward NH3 electrosynthesis in acidic medium.