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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291398.].

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high power, high capacity, and support for fast charging are increasingly favored by consumers. As a commercial electrode material for power batteries, LiFePO[sub.4] was limited from further wide application due to its low conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion rate. The development of advanced architectures integrating rational conductive networks with optimized ion transport pathways represents a critical frontier in optimizing the performance of cathode materials. In this paper, a novel self-supporting cathode material (designated as LFP@LVP-CES) was synthesized through an integrated coaxial electrospinning and controlled pyrolysis strategy. This methodology directly converts LiFePO[sub.4], Li[sub.3]V[sub.2](PO[sub.4])[sub.3], and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)) into flexible, binder-free cathodes with a hierarchical structural organization. The 3D carbon nanofiber (CNF) matrix synergistically integrates LiFePO[sub.4] (Li/Fe/PO[sub.x]) and Li[sub.3]V[sub.2](PO[sub.4])[sub.3] (Li/V/PO[sub.x]) nanoparticles, where CNFs act as a conductive scaffold to enhance electron transport, while the PO[sub.x] polyanionic frameworks stabilize Li[sup.+] diffusion pathways. Morphological characterizations (SEM and TEM) revealed a 3D cross-connected carbon nanofiber matrix (diameter: 250 ± 50 nm) uniformly embedded with active material particles. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated that the LFP@LVP-CES cathode delivers an initial specific capacity of 165 mAh·g[sup.−1] at 0.1 C, maintaining 80 mAh·g[sup.−1] at 5 C. Notably, the material exhibited exceptional rate capability and cycling stability, demonstrating a 96% capacity recovery after high-rate cycling upon returning to 0.1 C, along with 97% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 1 C. Detailed kinetic analysis through EIS revealed significantly reduced R[sub.ct] and increased Li[sup.+] diffusion. This superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects between the 3D conductive network architecture and dual active materials. Compared with traditional coating processes and high-temperature calcination, the preparation of controllable electrospinning and low-temperature pyrolysis to some extent avoid the introduction of harmful substances and reduce raw material consumption and carbon emissions. This original integration strategy establishes a paradigm for designing freestanding electrode architectures through 3D structural design combined with a bimodal active material, providing critical insights for next-generation energy storage systems.

The impedance matching is a very important part to influence materials' microwave absorption performance. However, a way to further discuss the impedance matching is still weak. We build a novel dielectric-magnetic impedance matching (DMIM) model to analyze the real part and imaginary part of materials' impedance matching. To verify the practicality of the DMIM model, using MIL-100(Fe) as precursor, a series of Fe.sub.xNi.sub.1-x@C are synthesized via one-step pyrolysis by controlling the samples' Fe-Ni ratio, changing their dielectric loss tangent and magnetic loss tangent and successfully regulating their impedance matching to optimize microwave absorption properties. In addition, the minimum reflection loss for MOF-derived Fe.sub.0.8Ni.sub.0.2@C can arrive at -71.3 dB at 10.3 GHz with a thickness of 3.1 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth is 5.3 GHz. And combining with the RLGC equivalent circuit model to further indicate the Fe.sub.xNi.sub.1-x@C's energy loss mechanism. The method of using DMIM model and RLGC model to discuss materials' impedance matching and energy loss mechanism paves a new way to fabricate high-performance microwave materials with balanced electromagnetic distribution and further reveal the materials' microwave absorbing mechanism.

In the process of pyrolyzing waste plastics, the generation of Cl[sub.2] gas can pose a problem. During the pyrolysis processing, incomplete combustion of organic compounds containing chlorine can lead to the formation of toxic chemicals, which can cause issues in subsequent processing stages. Therefore, an adsorbent plays an important role in removing Cl[sub.2] in the dechlorination process, and alkaline adsorbents and metal oxides are generally used. Waste red mud is composed of Fe metal oxide and alkaline components, so it is intended to be used as a Cl[sub.2] adsorbent. The Cl[sub.2] removal ability of red mud with different redox status of iron oxides was assessed. Hydrogen treatment was performed at various temperatures to control the reduction potential of the Fe in the metal oxides, and phase changes in the Fe oxide component of red mud were confirmed. In the case of red mud hydrogenated at 700 °C, most of the Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3] structure could be converted to the Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4] structure, and the Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4] structure showed superior results in Cl[sub.2] adsorption compared to the Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3] structure. As a result, red mud at an H[sub.2] treatment temperature of 700 °C showed about three times higher Cl[sub.2] adsorption compared to red mud without H[sub.2] treatment.

Very recently, the synthesis of 2D MoS[sub.2] and WS[sub.2] through pulsed laser-directed thermolysis can achieve wafer-scale and large-area structures, in ambient conditions. In this paper, we report the synthesis of MoS[sub.2] and MoS[sub.2] oxides from (NH[sub.4])[sub.2]MoS[sub.4] film using a visible continuous-wave (CW) laser at 532 nm, instead of the infrared pulsed laser for the laser-directed thermolysis. The (NH[sub.4])[sub.2]MoS[sub.4] film is prepared by dissolving its crystal powder in DI water, sonicating the solution, and dip-coating onto a glass slide. We observed a laser intensity threshold for the laser synthesis of MoS[sub.2], however, it occurred in a narrow laser intensity range. Above that range, a mixture of MoS[sub.2] and MoO[sub.2] is formed, which can be used for a memristor device, as demonstrated by other research groups. We did not observe a mixture of MoS[sub.2] and MoO[sub.3] in the laser thermolysis of (NH[sub.4])[sub.2]MoS[sub.4]. The laser synthesis of MoS[sub.2] in a line pattern is also achieved through laser scanning. Due to of the ease of CW beam steering and the fine control of laser intensities, this study can lead toward the CW laser-directed thermolysis of (NH[sub.4])[sub.2]MoS[sub.4] film for the fast, non-vacuum, patternable, and wafer-scale synthesis of 2D MoS[sub.2].

Nowadays, the environmental challenges associated with plastics are becoming increasingly prominent, making the exploitation of alternatives to landfill disposal a pressing concern. Particularly, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), characterized by its high chlorine content, poses a major environmental risk during degradation. Furthermore, PVC recycling and recovery present considerable challenges. This study aims to optimize the PVC pyrolysis valorization process to produce effective adsorbents for removing contaminants from gaseous effluents, especially CO[sub.2]. For this purpose, PVC waste was pyrolyzed under varied conditions, and the resulting solid fraction was subjected to a series of chemical and physical activations by means of hydroxides (NaOH and KOH) and nitrogen. Characterization of the PVC-based activated carbons was carried out using surface morphology (SEM), N[sub.2] adsorption/desorption, elemental analysis, and FTIR, and their capacity to capture CO[sub.2] was assessed. Finally, neuro-fuzzy models were developed for the optimization of the valorization technique. The resulting activated carbons exhibited excellent CO[sub.2] adsorption capabilities, particularly those activated with KOH. Optimal activation conditions include activations at 840 °C with NaOH at a ratio of 0.66 and at 760 °C using either NaOH or KOH with ratios below 0.4. Activations under these experimental conditions resulted in a significant increase in the adsorption capacity, of up to 25%, in the resulting samples.

Climate change issues are calling for advanced methods to produce materials and fuels in a carbon–neutral and circular way. For instance, biomass pyrolysis has been intensely investigated during the last years. Here we review the pyrolysis of algal and lignocellulosic biomass with focus on pyrolysis products and mechanisms, oil upgrading, combining pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion, economy, and life cycle assessment. Products include oil, gas, and biochar. Upgrading techniques comprise hot vapor filtration, solvent addition, emulsification, esterification and transesterification, hydrotreatment, steam reforming, and the use of supercritical fluids. We examined the economic viability in terms of profitability, internal rate of return, return on investment, carbon removal service, product pricing, and net present value. We also reviewed 20 recent studies of life cycle assessment. We found that the pyrolysis method highly influenced product yield, ranging from 9.07 to 40.59% for oil, from 10.1 to 41.25% for biochar, and from 11.93 to 28.16% for syngas. Feedstock type, pyrolytic temperature, heating rate, and reaction retention time were the main factors controlling the distribution of pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis mechanisms include bond breaking, cracking, polymerization and re-polymerization, and fragmentation. Biochar from residual forestry could sequester 2.74 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per ton biochar when applied to the soil and has thus the potential to remove 0.2–2.75 gigatons of atmospheric carbon dioxide annually. The generation of biochar and bio-oil from the pyrolysis process is estimated to be economically feasible.