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Sweet cherry ( L.) is an important fruit crop in which fruit size is strongly associated with commercial value; few genes associated with fruit size have, however, been identified in sweet cherry. Members of the CYP78A subfamily, a group of important cytochrome P450s, have been found to be involved in controlling seed size and development in , rice, soybean, and tomato. However, the influence of CYP78A members in controlling organ size and the underlying molecular mechanisms in sweet cherry and other fruit trees remains unclear. Here, we characterized a CYP78A gene that is thought to be involved in the regulation of fruit size and organ development using overexpression and silencing approaches. was significantly expressed in the flowers and fruit of sweet cherry. RNAi silencing of produced small cherry fruits and was found to affect fruit size by mediating mesocarp cell proliferation and expansion during fruit growth and development. Overexpression of in resulted in increased silique and seed size and was found to be highly expressed in the inflorescences and siliques of transgenic plants. Genes related to cell cycling and proliferation were downregulated in fruit from sweet cherry -silencing lines, suggesting that is likely to be an important upstream regulator of cell cycle processes. Together, our findings indicate that plays an essential role in the regulation of cherry fruit size and provide insights into the molecular basis of the mechanisms regulating traits such as fruit size in .