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"Pacific Islanders Anthropometry."
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Prediction of fat-free mass and fat mass from bioimpedance spectroscopy and anthropometry: a validation study in 7- to 9-year-old Kuwaiti children
Objective:Childhood obesity is increasing in many countries, including Kuwait. Currently, adiposity is most commonly assessed from simple anthropometric measurements, e.g. height and weight or combined as body mass index (BMI). This is despite these surrogate measurements being poor indices of adiposity. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a popular method for the assessment of body composition providing a measurement of adiposity as absolute fat mass (FM) or FM expressed as a percentage of body weight (%BF). BIA is, however, an indirect predictive method. This study developed a BIA-based prediction equation for body composition assessment in Kuwaiti children and, additionally, a prediction equation for %BF based on sum of skin-fold (SSF) thickness measurements.Design:A cross-sectional design was used with primary school recruitment.Setting:School population in Kuwait City; in-clinic assessments.Participants:158 Kuwaiti children aged 7–9 years. Body composition assessed using bioimpedance spectroscopy and skin-folds with prediction equations generate against deuterium dilution measurement of total body water and fat-free mass (FFM) as reference.Results:The newly developed and cross-validated BIA equation predicted FFM with minimal bias (< 1%) and acceptable 2 sd limits of agreement (±1·6 kg equivalent to ±10%) improving on the predictive performance of comparable published equations. Similarly, SSF predicted %BF with small bias (0·2 %BF) but relatively wide limits of agreement (±7 %BF).Conclusions:These new equations are suitable for practical use for nutritional assessment in Kuwaiti children, particularly in epidemiological or public health settings although their applicability in other populations requires further research.
Journal Article
Cord Blood Metabolomics: Association With Newborn Anthropometrics and C-Peptide Across Ancestries
Abstract
Context
Newborn adiposity is associated with childhood obesity. Cord blood metabolomics is one approach that can be used to understand early-life contributors to adiposity and insulin resistance.
Objective
To determine the association of cord blood metabolites with newborn adiposity and hyperinsulinemia in a multiethnic cohort of newborns.
Design
Cross-sectional, observational study.
Setting
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study.
Participants
One thousand six hundred multiethnic mother–newborn pairs.
Main Outcome Measure
Cord blood C-peptide, birthweight, and newborn sum of skinfolds.
Results
Meta-analyses across four ancestry groups (Afro-Caribbean, Northern European, Thai, and Mexican American) demonstrated significant associations of cord blood metabolites with cord blood C-peptide, birthweight, and newborn sum of skinfolds. Several metabolites, including branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines, nonesterified fatty acids, and triglycerides were negatively associated with cord C-peptide but positively associated with birthweight and/or sum of skinfolds. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol, an inverse marker of recent maternal glycemia, was significantly inversely associated with birthweight and sum of skinfolds. Network analyses revealed groups of interrelated amino acid, acylcarnitine, and fatty acid metabolites associated with all three newborn outcomes.
Conclusions
Cord blood metabolites are associated with newborn size and cord blood C-peptide levels after adjustment for maternal body mass index and glucose during pregnancy. Negative associations of metabolites with C-peptide at birth were observed. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol appears to be a marker of adiposity in newborns. BCAAs were individually associated with birthweight and demonstrated possible associations with newborn adiposity in network analyses.
Cord blood metabolites are associated with newborn size and C-peptide.
Journal Article
The Australian Eye and Ear Health Survey (AEEHS): Study protocol for a population-based cross-sectional study
Vision and hearing impairments are highly prevalent and have a significant impact on physical, psychological and social wellbeing. There is a need for accurate, contemporary national data on the prevalence, risk factors and impacts of vision and hearing loss in Australian adults.
The Australian Eye and Ear Health Survey (AEEHS) aims to determine the prevalence, risk factors and impacts of vision and hearing loss in both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous older adults.
The AEEHS is a population-based cross-sectional survey which will include 5,000 participants (3250 non-Indigenous aged 50 years or older and 1750 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 40 years or older) from 30 sites covering urban and rural/regional geographic areas, selected using a multi-stage, random cluster sampling strategy. Questionnaires will be administered to collect data on socio-demographic, medical, ocular and ontological history. The testing battery includes assessment of blood pressure, blood sugar, anthropometry, visual acuity (presenting, unaided, pinhole and best-corrected), refraction, tonometry, slit lamp and dilated eye examination, ocular imaging including optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography and retinal photography, and automated visual fields. Audiometry, tympanometry and video otoscopy will also be performed. The primary outcomes are age-standardised prevalence of cause-specific vision and hearing impairment. Secondary outcomes are prevalence of non-blinding eye diseases (including dry eye disease), patterns in health service utilisation, universal health coverage metrics, risk factors for vision and hearing impairment, and impact on quality of life.
Journal Article
Gut microbial indicators of metabolic health underlie age-related differences in obesity and diabetes risk among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders
Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) suffer from higher prevalence of and mortality to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than any other major race/ethnic group in Hawaii. Health inequities in this indigenous population was further exacerbated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. T2DM progression and medical complications exacerbated by COVID-19 are partially regulated by the gut microbiome. However, there is limited understanding of the role of gut bacteria in the context of inflammation-related diseases of health disparities including T2DM and obesity. To address these gaps, we used a community-based research approach from a cohort enriched with NHPI residents on the island of Oahu, Hawaii (N=138). Gut microbiome profiling was achieved via 16s rDNA metagenomic sequencing analysis from stool DNA. Gut bacterial capacity for butyrate-kinase (BUK)-mediated fiber metabolism was assessed using quantitative PCR to measure the abundance of BUK DNA and RNA relative to total bacterial load per stool sample. In our cohort, age positively correlated with hemoglobin A1c (%; R=0.39; P<0.001 ) and body mass index (BMI ; R=0.28; P<0.001 ). The relative abundance of major gut bacterial phyla significantly varied across age groups, including Bacteroidetes (P<0.001), Actinobacteria (P=0.007) , and Proteobacteria (P=0.008) . A1c was negatively correlated with the relative levels of BUK DNA copy number (R=-0.17; P=0.071) and gene expression (R=-0.33; P=0.003) . Interestingly, we identified specific genera of gut bacteria potentially mediating the effects of diet on metabolic health in this cohort. Additionally, α-diversity among gut bacterial genera significantly varied across T2DM and BMI categories. Together, these results provide insight into age-related differences in gut bacteria that may influence T2DM and obesity in NHPIs. Furthermore, we observed overlapping patterns between gut bacteria and T2DM risk factors, indicating more nuanced, interdependent interactions among these factors as partial determinants of health outcomes. This study adds to the paucity of NHPI-specific data to further elucidate the biological characteristics associated with pre-existing health inequities in this racial/ethnic group that is significantly underrepresented in biomedical research.
Journal Article
The Pacific-specific CREBRF rs373863828 allele protects against gestational diabetes mellitus in Māori and Pacific women with obesity
Aims/hypothesisThe CREBRF rs373863828 minor (A) allele is associated with increased BMI but reduced prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Māori and Pacific people. Given the shared aetiology of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), we tested for an association between the CREBRF rs373863828 variant and GDM.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of Māori and Pacific women nested within a nutritional intervention study for pregnant women with obesity. Women were enrolled at 12–17 weeks’ gestation and underwent anthropometry and collection of buffy coats for later genetic testing. GDM was diagnosed by 75 g OGTT at 24–28 weeks’ gestation using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Genotyping was performed by real-time PCR with a custom CREBRF rs373863828 probe-set. The association between CREBRF rs373863828 and GDM was analysed separately by ethnic group using logistic regression, with effect estimates combined in a meta-analysis.ResultsOf 112 Māori and Pacific pregnant women with obesity, 31 (28%) carried the CREBRF rs373863828 A allele (A/G or A/A) and 35 (31%) developed GDM. Women who carried the CREBRF rs373863828 A allele did not differ in BMI when compared with non-carriers (G/G). There was a fivefold reduction in the likelihood of GDM per CREBRF rs373863828 A allele (OR 0.19 [95% CI 0.05, 0.69], p = 0.01), independent of age, BMI and family history of diabetes (adjusted OR 0.13 [95% CI 0.03, 0.53], p = 0.004). GDM was diagnosed in 10% and 40% of women with and without the CREBRF rs373863828 A allele, respectively (no woman with the A/A genotype developed GDM).Conclusions/interpretationThe CREBRF rs373863828 (A) allele is associated with reduced likelihood of GDM in Māori and Pacific women with obesity and may improve GDM risk prediction.
Journal Article
Pacific Islands Cohort on Cardiometabolic Health Study: rationale and design
Background
Pacific Islanders, including those residing in the US Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI), experience some of the highest mortality rates resulting from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. The Pacific Island Health Officers’ Association declared a Regional State of Health Emergency in 2010 due to the epidemic of NCDs in the USAPI. Obesity, a known risk factor for NCDs, has become an epidemic among both children and adults in Micronesia and other parts of the USAPI. There is some recent information about overweight and obesity (OWOB) among young children in the USAPI, but there is no data looking at the relationship between children and their biological parents. The Pacific Islands Cohort on Cardiometabolic Health (PICCAH) Study aims to collect data on NCD lifestyle factors from two generations of families (n = 600 child-parent dyads or 1,200 participants) living in Guam, Pohnpei, and Palau.
Methods
The PICCAH Study is an epidemiological study using community-based convenience sampling to recruit participants in USAPI of Guam, Palau, and Pohnpei. The goal is to recruit participant dyads consisting of 1 child plus their biological parent in Guam (500 dyads or 1,000 participants), Pohnpei (50 dyads or 100 participants), and Palau (50 dyads or 100 participants). All participants are having the following information collected: demographic, health, and lifestyle information; anthropometry; diet; physical activity; sleep; acanthosis nigricans; blood pressure; and serum levels of fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL.
Discussion
The PICCAH Study is designed to establish the baseline of a generational epidemiologic cohort with an emphasis on cardiometabolic risk, and to better understand the extent of DM and CVD conditions and related risk factors of those living in the USAPI jurisdictions of Guam, Pohnpei, and Palau. This study also serves to further build research capacity in the underserved USAPI Region.
Journal Article
New Echocardiography Reference Ranges for Aotearoa (NewERA) Study: the application of international echocardiographic reference values to linear measurements of the hearts of healthy, young Māori and Pacific adults may not detect cardiac enlargement
Aims to establish normal reference ranges for echocardiography applicable to both New Zealand and Pacific Islands populations. Tests the hypothesis that heart size would be larger in Māori and NZ Pacific peoples and that reference values that include indexation to body surface area (BSA), which does not account for body composition, may be inappropriate in a cohort of mixed ethnicity and, as a result, the echocardiography measurements may not be optimised in these groups, who are also at the higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
Journal Article
Prediction of breast cancer risk among women of the Mariana Islands: the BRISK retrospective case–control study
ObjectivesTo develop a breast cancer risk prediction model for Chamorro and Filipino women of the Mariana Islands and compare its performance to that of the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT).DesignCase–control study.SettingClinics/facilities and other community-based settings on Guam and Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands).Participants245 women (87 breast cancer cases and 158 controls) of Chamorro or Filipino ethnicity, age 25–80 years, with no prior history of cancer (other than skin cancer), residing on Guam or Saipan for at least 5 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresBreast cancer risk models were constructed using combinations of exposures previously identified to affect breast cancer risk in this population, population breast cancer incidence rates and all-cause mortality rates for Guam.ResultsModels using ethnic-specific relative risks performed better than those with relative risks estimated from all women. The model with the best performance among both ethnicities (the Breast Cancer Risk Model (BRISK) model; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC): 0.64 and 0.67 among Chamorros and Filipinos, respectively) included age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of relatives with breast cancer and waist circumference. The 10-year breast cancer risk predicted by the BRISK model was 1.28% for Chamorros and 0.89% for Filipinos. Performance of the BCRAT was modest among both Chamorros (AUC: 0.60) and Filipinos (AUC: 0.55), possibly due to incomplete information on BCRAT risk factors.ConclusionsThe ability to develop breast cancer risk models for Mariana Islands women is constrained by the small population size and limited availability of health services and data. Nonetheless, we have demonstrated that breast cancer risk prediction models with adequate discriminatory performance can be built for small populations such as in the Mariana Islands. Anthropometry, in particular waist circumference, was important for estimating breast cancer risk in this population.
Journal Article
Maternal Socioeconomic Factors and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Neonatal Anthropometry
Disparities in birthweight by maternal race/ethnicity are commonly observed. It is unclear to what extent these disparities are correlates of individual socioeconomic factors. In a prospective cohort of 1645 low-risk singleton pregnancies included in the NICHD Fetal Growth Study (2009–2013), neonatal anthropometry was measured by trained personnel using a standard protocol. Socioeconomic characteristics included employment status, marital status, health insurance, annual income, and education. Separate adjusted generalized linear models were fit to both test the effect of race/ethnicity and the interaction of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics on neonatal anthropometry. Mean infant birthweight, length, head circumference, and abdominal circumference all differed by race/ethnicity (p < 0.001). We observed no statistically significant interactions between race/ethnicity and full-time employment/student status, marital status, insurance, or education in association with birthweight, neonatal exam weight, length, or head or abdominal circumference at examination. The interaction between income and race/ethnicity was significant only for abdominal circumference (p = 0.027), with no other significant interactions for other growth parameters, suggesting that racial/ethnic differences in neonatal anthropometry did not vary by individual socioeconomic factors in low-risk women. Our results do not preclude structural factors, such as lifetime exposure to poverty, as an explanation for racial/ethnic disparities.
Journal Article