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"Pakistan History Sources."
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The Indus Basin of Pakistan
This study, Indus basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture was undertaken at a pivotal time in the region. The weak summer monsoon in 2009 created drought conditions throughout the country. This followed an already tenuous situation for many rural households faced with high fuel and fertilizer costs and the impacts of rising global food prices. Then catastrophic monsoon flooding in 2010 affected over 20 million people, devastating their housing, infrastructure, and crops. Damages from this single flood event were estimated at US dollar 10 billion, half of which were losses in the agriculture sector. Notwithstanding the debate as to whether these observed extremes are evidence of climate change, an investigation is needed regarding the extent to which the country is resilient to these shocks. It is thus timely, if not critical, to focus on climate risks for water, agriculture, and food security in the Indus basin of Pakistan.
eBook
Muslims in Motion
InMuslims in Motion, Nazli Kibria provides a comparative look at Bangladeshi Muslims in different global contexts--including Britain, the U.S., the Middle East, and Malaysia. Kibria examines international migrant flows from Bangladesh, and considers how such migrations continue to shape Islamization in these areas. Having conducted more than 200 in-depth interviews, she explores how, in societies as different as these, migrant Muslims, in their everyday lives, strive to achieve economic gains, sustain community and family life, and realize a sense of dignity and honor.
Muslims in Motion offers fresh insights into the prominence of Islam in these communities, especially an Islam defined by fundamentalist movements and ideologies. Kibria also focuses on the complex significance of nationality--with rich analyses of the diaspora, the role of gender and class, and the multiple identities of the migrants, she shows how nationality can be both a critical source of support and also of difficulty for many in their efforts to attain lives of dignity. By bringing to life a vast range of experiences, this book challenges prevailing stereotypes of Muslims.
eBook
Assessing the reliability and degradation of 10–35 years field-aged PV modules
The objective of this study was to conduct a reliability analysis on photovoltaic (PV) modules from the oldest PV installation site in Pakistan. Four sets of modules; Type A & B (30 years old), Type C (10 years old), and Type D (35 years old) were identified for this analysis. It has been observed that modules have shown degradation after working for a good number of years in the field. Comparing with nameplate data (available for Type B & C only), a drop of 28.68% and 2.99 percentage points (pp) was observed in the output power (Pmax) and efficiency (Eff.) respectively for Type B, while a drop of 22.21% and 4.05 pp was observed in Pmax and Eff. respectively for Type C. A greater drop in I SC and Pmax was observed in Type B, which is attributed to severe browning of EVA in them. While the greater drop in Pmax, in case of Type C, is attributed to the poor quality of materials used. Amongst the different defects observed, the junction box defects which include cracking and embrittlement, etc., and backsheet defects which include discoloration, delamination and cracking, etc. were found in all four types of modules. Other defects include browning of EVA, observed in Type B and D, and corrosion of frame and electrical wires, found in Type A, B, and D. This first-ever study will provide valuable information in understanding the degradation mechanism and henceforth, improving the long term reliability of PV modules in the humid-subtropical conditions of Pakistan.
Journal Article
Root system architecture of historical spring wheat cultivars is associated with alleles and transcripts of major functional genes
We evaluated root system architecture (RSA) of a set of 58 historical spring wheat cultivars from Pakistan representing 105 years of selection breeding. The evaluations were carried out under control and water-limited conditions using a high-throughput phenotyping system coupled with RhizoVision Explorer software. The cultivars were classified into three groups based on release year as cultivars released pre-1965, released between 1965 and 2000, and cultivars released post-2000. Under water-limited conditions a decline in 20 out of 25 RSA component traits was observed in pre-1965 cultivars group. Whereas cultivars released after the 1965, so-called green revolution period, showed a decline in 17 traits with significant increments in root length, depth, and steep angle frequency which are important root traits for resource-uptake under water-limited conditions. Similarly, cultivars released after 2000 indicated an increase in the number of roots, depth, diameter, surface area, and steep angle frequency. The coefficient of correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between root depth and yield-related traits under water-limited conditions. We also investigated the effects of green-revolution genes (
Rht1
) and some phenology-related genes such as
DRO1
,
TaMOR
,
TaLTPs
,
TaSus-2B
on RSA and identified significant associations of these genes with important root traits. There was strong selection pressure on
DRO1
gene in cultivated wheat indicating the allele fixed in modern wheat cultivars is different from landraces. The expression of
DRO1,
and
TaMOR
were retrieved from an RNAseq experiment, and results were validated using qRT-PCR. The highest expression of
DRO1
and
TaMOR
was found in Chakwal-50, a rainfed cultivar released in 2008, and MaxiPak-65 released in 1965. We conclude that there is a positive historic change in RSA after 1965 that might be attributed to genetic factors associated with favored RSA traits. Furthermore, we suggest root depth and steep angle as promising traits to withstand water-limited environments and may have implications in selection for breeding.
Journal Article
Exploring awareness, practices and barriers to breast cancer screening among females in Rawalpindi and Islamabad: a cross-sectional study
Introduction
Breast cancer is a worldwide health problem and is highly prevalent in Pakistan, with one in every nine females. Because of the alarming rate, this study aims to explore the knowledge, barriers, and breast self-examination (BSE) practices among females in Pakistan.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from December 2023 to April 2024, consisting of 600 females. Data was gathered face-to-face and online through a questionnaire covering demographics, information sources, knowledge, practices, and barriers to breast cancer screening. The chi-square test and logistic regression were applied using SPSS.
Results
Of all 600 participants, 74% (444) were aged 18–30 years, 35.7% (214) were married, and 50.7% (304) had obtained information about breast cancer online. The practice of BSE was minimal, with 13.5% performing monthly and 8% weekly. Urban residents have significantly greater knowledge compared to rural residents (OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.18–0.79,
p
= 0.010). Language barriers (57%, 342) and fears of unnecessarily occupying the doctor’s time (53%, 318) were common barriers reported by the participants. These barriers were significantly associated with participants aged 31–45 (OR: 8.27, 95% CI: 1.62–42.2,
p
= 0.011) and those with a monthly income between PKR 15,000–50,000 (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.18–4.16,
p
= 0.013).
Conclusion
The majority of women have awareness about breast cancer; whereas BSE practice was significantly low, and most experienced barriers to screening. Highlight the need for educational intervention to help bridge the gap in knowledge and practice, and to reduce the challenges of breast cancer screening among women.
Journal Article
Counterinsurgency in Pakistan
Pakistan has undertaken a number of operations against militant groups since 2001. There have been some successes, but such groups as al Qa'ida continue to present a significant threat to Pakistan, the United States, and other countries. Pakistan needs to establish a population-centric counterinsurgency that better protects the local population and addresses grievances. It also needs to abandon militancy as a tool of foreign and domestic policy.
eBook
Predicting the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: The Intelligence Community's Record
Examines how intelligence performance led to failure to foresee Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, by analyzing content and sources of information; and how intelligence was obtained, interpreted, and presented; compares evidence with that available from Soviet archives.
Government Document