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Eight species of Pandarus Leach, 1816 collected from hosts caught off South Africa are reported. These species include P. bicolor Leach, 1816, P. niger Kirtisinghe, 1950 and P. carcharhini Ho, 1963 belonging to the “bicolor” group and P. cranchii Leach, 1819, P. satyrus Dana, 1849, P. smithii Rathbun, 1886 and P. sinuatus Say, 1818 belonging to the “cranchii” group. Notes on previous and new distinguishing features are provided with illustrations, specifically the relative lengths of the dorsal plates and caudal rami as well as the structure of the distomedial spine on the second segment of leg 1 exopod. Additionally, illustrated re-descriptions are provided for P. satyrus and P. sinuatus. Furthermore, a new species Pandarus echinifer n. sp., also belonging to the “cranchii” group, collected from the snaggletooth shark Hemipristis elongata (Klunzinger) is described. This species is most similar to P. sinuatus but can be distinguished from it by the heavily spinulated distomedial spine on the last segment of the first leg exopod. Molecular analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I partial gene is used to calculate sequence divergences amongst different individuals and species. According to the results (as well as based on morphological characters) P. rhincodonicus Norman, Newbound & Knott, 2000 is a synonym of P. cranchii. New hosts and geographic localities from South Africa (and Ningaloo Park, Western Australia) are reported.

Little is documented on the population demographics and morphometrics of wild freshwater turtles (hereafter terrapins) in South Africa. From February 2016 to October 2019, we trapped and recorded morphometric and biological data for serrated hinged terrapins Pelusios sinuatus ( n  = 97) and marsh terrapins Pelomedusa galeata ( n  = 51) in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. We visited two areas (Ndumo Game Reserve and Tala Private Reserve) regularly during the study period. Data were also intermittently obtained from eight other study areas across the province. We recorded age class, and morphometrics (including carapace length, carapace width, body mass and sex) for each terrapin caught, and also noted injuries. We uniquely marked all captured terrapins on the peripheral scutes around the hindleg region of the carapace, so to record any recaptures. A size-class bias was observed, with most individuals being large mature adults. Juveniles for P. sinuatus only accounted for 11 of the total 97 individuals (11.3%). Juveniles for P. galeata only accounted for 4 of the total 51 individuals (7.8%). There were significant differences in the three main morphometric variables between the adult male and female P. sinuatus, whereas there were no morphological differences between the adult male and female P. galeata . We recaptured only one P. sinuatus and two P. galeata. There is a concern that continued anthropogenic pressures, changing land use, and increased droughts are resulting in a skewed size-class bias towards older, larger, more resilient adult individuals.

Understanding the diet of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) is essential for the development of appropriate conservation strategies for the species. This study evaluated the use of the parasitic copepod (Pandarus rhincodonicus) as a proxy to infer short-term foraging habitats and trophic positions of whale shark hosts. To accomplish this, bulk stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope compositions were analysed from 72 paired samples of whale shark skin (dermal) tissues and copepods collected across six years at the Ningaloo Reef aggregation site, Western Australia. This study found that δ15N from parasites and whale shark hosts were strongly correlated. As turn-over times of the parasite and whale shark differ (months vs. years, respectively), the ability of copepods to predict δ15N values indicates that the trophic positions of whale sharks remain consistent across these timeframes. Contrastingly, δ13C in the parasite and host were weakly correlated, likely reflecting differences in the physiology and lifecycle of the copepod parasite compared to the host. Our results suggest δ15N from parasitic copepods provides a reliable proxy of the trophic position of their whale shark hosts, but interpretation of δ13C values as a proxy for the host will require future studies on the lifecycle of P. rhincodonicus.

The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is an iconic and endangered species with a broad distribution spanning warm-temperate and tropical oceans. Effective conservation management of the species requires an understanding of the degree of genetic connectivity among populations, which is hampered by the need for sampling that involves invasive techniques. Here, the feasibility of minimally-invasive sampling was explored by isolating and sequencing whale shark DNA from a commensal or possibly parasitic copepod, Pandarus rhincodonicus that occurs on the skin of the host. We successfully recovered mitochondrial control region DNA sequences (~1,000 bp) of the host via DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction from whole copepod specimens. DNA sequences obtained from multiple copepods collected from the same shark exhibited 100% sequence similarity, suggesting a persistent association of copepods with individual hosts. Newly-generated mitochondrial haplotypes of whale shark hosts derived from the copepods were included in an analysis of the genetic structure of the global population of whale sharks (644 sequences; 136 haplotypes). Our results supported those of previous studies and suggested limited genetic structuring across most of the species range, but the presence of a genetically unique and potentially isolated population in the Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, we recovered the mitogenome and nuclear ribosomal genes of a whale shark using a shotgun sequencing approach on copepod tissue. The recovered mitogenome is the third mitogenome reported for the species and the first from the Mozambique population. Our invertebrate DNA (iDNA) approach could be used to better understand the population structure of whale sharks, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean, and also for genetic analyses of other elasmobranchs parasitized by pandarid copepods.

The Oriental neotenic net-winged beetles attracted attention of biologists due to conspicuous large-bodied females; nevertheless phylogenetic relationships remain contentious and only a few species are known in both the fully metamorphosed males and neotenic females. The phylogenetic analyses and morphology of larvae and adults provide data for investigation of relationships and species delineation. Platrilus Kazantsev, 2009, Platerodriloplesius Wittmer, 1944, and Falsocalochromus Pic, 1942 are synonymized to Platerodrilus Pic, 1921. Platrilus hirtus (Wittmer, 1938) and Pl. crassicornis (Pic, 1923) are transferred to Platerodrilus Pic, 1921. Platerodrilus hoiseni Wong, 1996 is proposed as a junior subjective synonym of Falsocalochromus ruficollis Pic, 1942. Platerodrilus is divided in three species-groups: P. paradoxus, P. major, and P. sinuatus groups defined based on the shape of genitalia and molecular phylogeny. The following species are described: Platerodrilus foliaceus sp. n., P. wongi sp. n. (P. paradoxus group); P. ngi sp. n., P. wittmeri (P. major group), P. ijenensis sp. n., P. luteus sp. n., P. maninjauensis sp. n., P. montanus sp. n., P. palawanensis sp. n., P. ranauensis sp. n., P. sibayakensis sp. n., P. sinabungensis sp. n., P. talamauensis sp. n., and P. tujuhensis sp. n. (P. sinuatus group). P. korinchiana robinsoni Blair, 1928 is elevated to the species rank as P. robinsoni Blair, 1928, stat. n. The conspecific semaphoronts are identified using molecular phylogeny for P. foliaceus sp. n., P. tujuhensis sp. n., P. montanus sp. n., P. maninjauensis sp. n.; additional female larvae are assigned to the species-groups. Diagnostic characters are illustrated and keys are provided for P. paradoxus and P. major groups.

A study of the medieval idea that defined the \"world\" as recorded in I John 2:16-the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life. Conflict in Troilus and Criseyde, Piers Plowman, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is explored. Originally published in 1966. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Shakespeare intended his plays to be seen, not read. With this thought uppermost in mind, Charney offers here a provocative analysis of Hamlet, the most stylistically inventive of all Shakespeare's plays, strictly in terms of its style-by which he means the distinct modes of expression used by the playwright in accomplishing his dramatic ends. Careful consideration is given to the stagecraft of the play, to lighting and sound effects, gesture and scenery. The play's imagery is discussed with attention to its style as well as to its content. Each of the three main characters is examined in terms of his unique mode of expression. Among the interesting discoveries this approach allows is a new perspective on the character of Hamlet, who is found to have four distinct styles which he employs as the occasion demands. Originally published in 1969. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Eight species of pandarid copepods are redescribed based on specimens recovered from six species of Japanese elasmobranchs. These are Pandarus cranchii Leach, 1819, P. smithii Rathbun, 1886, Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854, Pseudopandarus gracilis Kirtisinghe, 1950, Dinemoura latifolia (Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861), Echthrogaleus coleoptratus (Guérin-Méneville, 1837), E. denticulatus Smith, 1874, and Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1868. In P. cranchii, both sexes of copepodid IV and V are described, one of them retains the frontal filament. The postnaupliar juveniles preceding the adult are referred to here as copepodid stages instead of chalimus. The presence of the postantennal process was verified in all species here dealt with, though it is replaced by an additional adhesion pad in D. latifolia. The depression, seemingly acting as the sucker, was found in N. orientalis on the female leg 3 basis. Huit espèces de copépodes Pandaridae sont redécrits à partir de spécimens prélevés chez six espèces d'Élasmobranches, au Japon. Ce sont: Pandarus cranchii Leach, 1819, P. smithii Rathbun, 1886, Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854, Pseudopandarus gracilis Kirtisinghe, 1950, Dinemoura latifolia (Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861), Echthrogaleus coleoptratus (Guérin-Méneville, 1837), E. denticulatus Smith, 1874 et Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1868. Chez P. cranchii, les copépodites IV et V des deux sexes sont décrits, l'un d'entre eux présente le filament frontal. Les juvéniles post-naupliens précédant l'adulte sont considérés ici comme des stades copépoditiques plutôt que comme des stades chalimus. La présence du processus post-antennaire a été vérifiée chez toutes les espèces étudiées ici, bien qu'il soit remplacé par un coussinet adhésif additionnel chez D. latifolia. La dépression, agissant apparemment comme une ventouse a été observée chez N. orientalis sur le basis de la troisième patte de la femelle.

Parasitic copepods usually have one or more free-swimming larval/juvenile stages for dispersal or infection. However the present study has revealed that adults and chalimus stages of caligiform copepods have often been discovered in plankton samples collected from East Asia. This is the first report on free-swimming adults of caligiform copepods from Japanese and Korean waters. Adults of the following species have been discovered in this study. In Japanese waters: Caligus coryphaenae (4♂♂), Caligus sp. (1♂), Pandarus sp. (4♂♂, 16 chalimi) off Nansei Islands in May 2003 and 2006; C. sclerotinosus (1♀) near a fish farm, Ehime Prefecture in December 2006; C. undulatus (1♀) off Ube, the Seto Inland Sea in July 2006; and C. undulatus (1♂) in the Ariake Sea in June 2007. In Korean waters: C. orientalis (1♀, 1♂) from brackish waters of the Mankyong River and C. undulatus (1♂) from the Seomjin River in October 2006. It is interesting to point out that C. undulatus has never been recorded as a parasite infecting any host, but has been collected from plankton samples in East Asia, India and Brazil. It is also noteworthy to mention that males (80%) were found more frequently than females (20%) in this study. We considered the following possibilities for the occurrences of caligiform adults originally infecting fish: (1) escaping from irritation or diseases in the host, (2) looking for an opportunity to switch hosts, (3) change in their life mode, and (4) accidental detachment. In the case of chalimi, it could be accidental, because they would be tightly attached to the host using a special organ called the “frontal filament”, and cannot grow up to the adult stage without nutrient supply from the host.

Robert Heilman gives an appreciation of Shakespeare as a whole man. Northrop Frye writes on balance and symbolism. Harry Levin shows how Shakespeare used names to indicate and enhance character. J.V. Cunningham looks at Shakespeare in his workshop; Gunnar Bokland, and Maynard Mack also contribute brilliant studies. Originally published in 1965. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.