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In response to growing awareness of climate change, requests to establish product carbon footprints have been increasing. Product carbon footprints are life cycle assessments restricted to just one impact category, global warming. Product carbon footprint studies generate life cycle inventory results, listing the environmental emissions of greenhouse gases from a product's lifecycle, and characterize these by their global warming potentials, producing product carbon footprints that are commonly communicated as point values. In the present research we show that the uncertainties surrounding these point values necessitate more sophisticated ways of communicating product carbon footprints, using different sizes of catfish (Pangasius spp.) farms in Vietnam as a case study. As most product carbon footprint studies only have a comparative meaning, we used dependent sampling to produce relative results in order to increase the power for identifying environmentally superior products. We therefore argue that product carbon footprints, supported by quantitative uncertainty estimates, should be used to test hypotheses, rather than to provide point value estimates or plain confidence intervals of products' environmental performance.

This study analyzed and compared the nutritional profiles of wild (Pangasius pangasius) and farmed (Pangasius hypophthalmus) pangasius catfish collected from the various sources of river and culture ponds in Bangladesh. The results indicated that the wild pangasius catfish had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of moisture, fat and ash content, compared to the farmed one. However, the farmed pangasius had significantly higher level of protein and carbohydrate, compared to wild pangasius. The total EAA ratio was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in wild pangasius (1.51 ± 0.01 g/100 g), compared to farmed pangasius (1.55 ± 0.01 g/100 g), which exceeded the FAO/WHO minimum standard of 40% for both species. In regard to fatty acid contents, wild pangasius was found to be rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with a mean value of 4.89% and 2.72%, respectively, while the values in the farmed pangasius were 1.07% and 0 (not detected), respectively. A higher ω-3/ω-6 ratio was found in wild pangasius 14.26%, in comparison with farmed pangasius (0.14%). Overall, the results indicated that pangasius catfish either farmed or wild are suitable for human consumption wherein wild pangasius has superior amino acid and fatty acid quality, compared to the pangasius reared in captivity.

Among 22 species of the genus Pangasius, distributed in Southeast and South Asia, only one species, Pangasius pangasius , is known to exist in South Asia. Phylogenetic analysis based upon COI and Cytb sequences suggested that the P. pangasius species clade consists of two subclades. Based upon the genetic and the following morphological evidence, we conclude that these DNA sequence based sister subclades represent two distinct species, P. pangasius and an undescribed species from river Krishna, named as P. silasi . Morphologically, P. silasi is differentiated from its congener P. pangasius by a combination of characters, such as vomero-palatal teeth confluent as an uninterrupted curved band (vs two lunate vomero-palatal teeth patches on each side with a wide gap in the center) and vertebral count of 48 (vs 44). For several morphological characters, P. silasi is also distinct from P. myanmar , which is reported from Myanmar and has overlapping distribution with P. pangasius . Finally, the vomero-palatine dentition in P. silasi is distinct from the dentition structures reported for all the other Pangasius species. The biogeographical significance of finding this new species, P. silasi , in a river of the Indian peninsula is also discussed in this report.

This study investigates mercury concentrations in fish samples purchased from a traditional market in Palangka Raya City, Indonesia. Mercury was quantified using the AAS technique, which had detection limits of less than 0.00004 mg/kg. The method’s accuracy was tested against a certified reference material of fish protein from the 2016 Indonesian National Standard no.2354.6 (SNI). The species under examination inhabited rivers in the peatland basin (e.i. wild-pangasfish - Pangasius pangasius , hemibragus - Bagrus nemurus , kriptoterus - Cryptopterus palembangensis , mad barb - Leptobarbus hoevenii , flatfish - Chitala lopis , rasbora - Rasbora argyrotaenia , anglefish - Pangasius microneme , wallago - Wallago leeri , prawn - Penaeus monodon ); pond fish (e.i. nilefish - Nile tilapia , goldfish - Cyprinus carpio , pangasfish - Pangasius pangasius ); sea (e.i. macarel scad - Decapterus , short macarel - Rastrelliger kanagurta , Spanish macarel - Acanthocybium solandri , pomfret - Parastromateus niger ; squid - Loligo chinensis ; sea - shrimp); swamp (snakehead – Canna marulius , catfish – Clarias batrachus , kissing gourami – Helastoma temminckii ). The mercury concentrations, measured in wet sample weight, ranged from 8 to 3500 grams. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Maximum Safe Consumption Amount (MSCQ), and Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI) were used to look at the health risk assessment analysis. The results were carefully looked over and discussed. We’ve concluded that eating 50 g of these fish types every day is harmful to people’s health in the study area.

The study was undertaken to assess the changes in viable bacterial counts and physicochemical parameters of water used during the live transportation of Pangasius catfish ( ). The correlations between the changing patterns of these parameters were also established. Water samples were collected every 2 h interval, plated onto agar plates for assesing viable bacterial counts. Physicochemical parameters, namely, water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and ammonia (NH ) concentration in the water were measured with a glass thermometer, DO test kit, pH test kit, and total NH measurement kit, respectively. The viable bacterial counts increased significantly from 0 to 2 h in all the studied channels and remained almost similar up to the end of the supply channels. The water temperature was almost stable regardless of the supply channels and transportation period at around 30°C. The DO concentration and pH level decreased, and NH concentrations increased gradually in all the supply channels. The viable bacterial counts were inversely correlated to the DO levels and directly associated with the NH concentrations of the water used during the live transportation of Pangasius catfish. Gradual increase in viable bacterial counts and fluctuation in some vital physicochemical parameters with the duration of transportation indicated an unfavorable environment for the survival of Pangasius catfish.

Freshwater fish are not major of omega-3 fatty acids (FA). More ways needed to help improving omega-3 substance by yielding concentrate using a low-temperature crystallization technique. The intention of yielding omega-3 concentrate is to obliterate elements except omega-3 FA. This study aimed to determine the acetone solvent-oil ratio for acquiring the finest characteristic of omega-3 catfish ( Clarias sp.) and pangasius catfish ( Pangasius sp.) by analyzing iodine number (IV), oxidation parameters, and FA profiles. Omega-3 concentrate was made using a low-temperature crystallization technique with solvent-to-oil ratios of 3:1(v/v), 4:1(v/v), 5:1(v/v), 6:1(v/v), and 7:1(v/v). The chosen treatment was 5:1 (v/v) solvent-to-oil ratio, resulting in an increase in omega-3 content in catfish 3.65% and pangasius catfish 2.30%. The concentration of catfish and pangasius catfish increased by 1.69 and 1.28 times, respectively. The viscera of catfish and pangasius catfish belly obtained from by-products of fish fillet industries and markets have the potential to be a basic material in the formation of omega-3-rich FO.

Abstract Fish skin is rich in collagen (80%-90%). However, catfish (Pangasius sp.) skin has a high lipid content, which can reduce the quality of collagen. Therefore, treatment is needed to remove the lipid using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol. Hence, the aim of the present study was to remove lipid content from catfish skin as a raw material for collagen by using UAE with different concentrations of ethanol (25, 50, and 75%). The research was conducted in three stages: removing impurities, collagen extraction, and characterization of collagen. The result exhibited that UAE-ethanol treatment was capable of removing up to 85.6% of lipid content, and the produced collagen had the potential to be utilized as an alternative source of collagen based on its properties. Highlight Research Ethanol could be used as extractor of lipid from catfish skin of Pangasius Ultrasonic assisted extraction could increase efficiency of lipid extraction from catfish skin. Fish skin of Pangasius sp. has a potential source for collagen. Collagen from skin of Pangasius sp. has a good characteristic with high protein content.

This study evaluates the use of fermented restaurant waste flour (FRWF) in artificial feed for improving the growth performance of catfish fry ( Pangasius pangasius ). Restaurant waste, containing 10.89% protein, 9.70% fat, 0.39% phosphorus, and 0.08% calcium and 9.13% crude fiber, was fermented to enhance its nutritional value and determine its potential as a cost-effective feed ingredient. The research identified the optimal fermentation duration and FRWF inclusion rate through a completely randomized design with five treatments (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% FRWF) and three replicates each. Parameters assessed included fermentation outcomes, daily growth, survival rate, and water quality. A seven-day fermentation period was optimal, yielding 25.38% protein, 15.97% moisture, and 4302 Kcal/kg energy. The 40% FRWF inclusion achieved the highest growth rate (1.93%/day) and acceptable survival rates (80–95%). Water quality parameters, including temperature (25.8°C), dissolved oxygen (4.80 mg/L), pH (7.15), and ammonia (0.03 mg/L), remained within suitable ranges. These findings suggest that incorporating fermented restaurant waste into fish feed can enhance growth performance while maintaining water quality, presenting a sustainable alternative for reducing feed costs in aquaculture.

Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) is a product resulting from the degradation of fish protein into simple peptides and amino acids through hydrolysis. This study aims to optimise the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of Pangasius sp. by-products to produce high-quality fish protein hydrolysate. Bromelain enzyme was used as the catalyst for hydrolysis. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), pH and antioxidant activity of FPH were used as response parameters. The optimisation was done using response surface methodology (RSM) by applying two factors (enzyme concentration and incubation time) with a 3-level Central Composite Design (CCD) model. The result showed that the bromelain concentration and incubation time of catfish protein hydrolysate gave significantly different effects (p<0.05) on the response parameters of Pangasius protein hydrolysate. Hydrolysis of Pangasius protein with 0.04% bromelain enzyme and incubation time of 2.8 hours resulted in DH, pH and DPPH antioxidant activity of 35.88%, 7.07 and 29.86%, respectively. The response value of Pangasius protein hydrolysate was within the range of the predicted value of hydrolysate. Therefore, the optimum conditions suggested by RSM can be used in the future production of Pangasius FPH. In addition, amino acid profiles of Pangasius protein hydrolysate showed high concentrations of Glycine, L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic Acid.

Fish protein hydrolysates are digested form of protein with various bioactive properties where, the cleavages of molecular bonds of proteins can be broken by the enzymatic and chemical process. In this study, antioxidant properties of spray dried protein hydrolysate prepared from Pangasius viscera by using enzymatic (papain and pepsin), and chemical methods (hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide) were evaluated. Among the different treatments, pepsin-derived visceral protein hydrolysate showed the maximum antioxidant activity when used at higher concentrations. Essential amino acids (EAA) and hydrophobic amino acids are higher in papain-derived visceral protein hydrolysate. In pepsin-derived visceral protein hydrolysate, major proportion was contributed by glycine (Gly), glutamine (Glu), proline (Pro), and asparagine (Asp). Higher amount of aromatic amino acids are found in alkali-derived FVPH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of pepsin fish visceral protein hydrolysate showed better globular structure than the other treatments. It can be concluded that among the different treatments, the visceral protein hydrolysate prepared with pepsin had better overall quality regarding antioxidant properties and papain in nutritional point of view.