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"Pants"
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From sleepwear to sportswear : how beach pajamas reshaped women's fashion
How did women begin wearing pants? Prior to the 1920s it was a rarity to see women in pants in the Western world, but as the silk pajama trouser suit moved from the boudoir to the beach in the early 1920s it cemented the image of the trousered woman. Worn by Jean Harlow and Marlene Dietrich, painted by Raoul Dufy and immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night, between the two world wars pajamas came to symbolize much more than sleepwear. This book explores how the pajama phenomenon was not only critical to the careers of designers such as Chanel, Patou, Poiret, and Schiaparelli, but how the versatile garment was also bound to the independence of women and influenced culture more broadly.
Book
Size Variation in Flower Petals of Chinese Animal‐Pollinated Plants in Response to Climatic and Altitudinal Gradients
The evolutionary adaptations of plant reproductive structures, including angiosperm petal size, are driven by a combination of natural selection influenced by ecological conditions. While previous studies have emphasized pollinator‐driven selection on petal traits, significant gaps remain in understanding how abiotic factors, biotic interactions, and life‐history trade‐offs jointly shape petal size across broad environmental gradients. This study integrates macrogeographic analyses of 10,228 animal‐pollinated angiosperm species across China's diverse climatic regions, combining trait data from national flora databases, species distribution records, and high‐resolution climate variables. Using hierarchical regression, variance partitioning, and threshold detection models, we disentangle the effects of altitude, latitude, temperature, and precipitation on absolute petal size and its ratio to plant height (MR), while contrasting woody and herbaceous life histories. Key findings reveal: (1) nonlinear thresholds in environmental drivers, with herbaceous petal size declining sharply above 3200 m altitude and 1100 mm annual precipitation; (2) altitude as the dominant predictor of MR, explaining 30% of variance, particularly in alpine zones where floral conspicuousness increases despite plant dwarfing; (3) divergent strategies between woody and herbaceous species, where woody plants prioritize absolute petal size in warm climates, while herbaceous species amplify MR under high‐altitude stress; and (4) climate‐geography interactions explaining 62%–71% of trait variation, highlighting context‐dependent trade‐offs between pollinator attraction and stress tolerance. This work provides a comprehensive framework linking petal size traits to multivariate environmental gradients at continental scales, offering critical insights into plant adaptive strategies under climate change and emphasizing altitude‐mediated selection as a key driver of floral diversity. This study investigates the variation in flower petal size and the petal‐to‐plant height ratio among 10,228 animal ‐ pollinated angiosperm species across different climatic and altitudinal gradients in China. Results indicate that larger petal sizes are associated with higher temperatures and precipitation, while altitudinal variations significantly affect the petal‐to‐plant height ratio. These findings highlight the influence of environmental factors on floral morphology and underscore distinct geographical patterns in floral trait distribution.
Journal Article
Green pants
Jameson refuses to wear pants that are not green, until he has to choose between wearing his green pants and wearing a tuxedo with black pants so that he can be in his cousin's wedding.
Book
Optimisation of Teaching Space Design and Innovation of Teaching Mode in Trouser Structure and Craftsmanship Course Empowered by Digital Intelligence
“Numerical Intelligence” teaching is an important content and means of classroom teaching reform in clothing design and craftsmanship. The first part of the study focuses on the use of digital intelligence technology in trouser design. After selecting the characteristic parameters of the trouser structure, the GA algorithm is used to improve the GRNN algorithm, the global optimization of the smooth factor is carried out, the trouser structure generating a model based on GA-GRNN is constructed, and the model is trained and tested in order to analyze its performance. With this background, we explore the combination of numerical intelligence technology and clothing craft course, innovatively propose the teaching mode of numerical intelligence craft course, and design teaching experiments to explore the practical effect of this teaching mode. The GA-optimized GRNN model improves the number of iterations and the adaptability by 63.23% and 0.0131, respectively, and the error between the model test generation results and the actual values is below 0.4, which has a better trouser suit parameter size generation effect. After applying the teaching mode of the digital intellectualization process course, the student’s overall evaluation of the mode is better, and the number of students with good and excellent academic performance has increased by 64.29%. The teaching mode of the digital-intelligent process course can promote students’ learning efficiency and improve the quality of teaching in the process course.
Journal Article
Homological mirror symmetry for higher-dimensional pairs of pants
Using Auroux’s description of Fukaya categories of symmetric products of punctured surfaces, we compute the partially wrapped Fukaya category of the complement of $k+1$ generic hyperplanes in $\\mathbb{CP}^{n}$, for $k\\geqslant n$, with respect to certain stops in terms of the endomorphism algebra of a generating set of objects. The stops are chosen so that the resulting algebra is formal. In the case of the complement of $n+2$ generic hyperplanes in $\\mathbb{C}P^{n}$ ($n$-dimensional pair of pants), we show that our partial wrapped Fukaya category is equivalent to a certain categorical resolution of the derived category of the singular affine variety $x_{1}x_{2}\\ldots x_{n+1}=0$. By localizing, we deduce that the (fully) wrapped Fukaya category of the $n$-dimensional pair of pants is equivalent to the derived category of $x_{1}x_{2}\\ldots x_{n+1}=0$. We also prove similar equivalences for finite abelian covers of the $n$-dimensional pair of pants.
Journal Article
Effects of Compression Pants with Different Pressure Levels on Anaerobic Performance and Post-Exercise Physiological Recovery: Randomized Crossover Trial
Compression pants, as functional sportswear providing external pressure, are widely used to enhance athletic performance and accelerate recovery. However, systematic investigations into their effectiveness during anaerobic exercise and the impact of different pressure levels on performance and post-exercise recovery remain limited. This randomized crossover controlled trial recruited 20 healthy male university students to compare the effects of four garment conditions: non-compressive pants (NCP), moderate-pressure compression pants (MCP), high-pressure compression pants (HCP), and ultra-high-pressure compression pants (UHCP). Anaerobic performance was assessed through vertical jump, agility tests, and the Wingate anaerobic test, with indicators including time at peak power (TPP), peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP), power drop (PD), and total energy produced (TEP). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations and heart rate responses were also monitored. The results showed that both HCP and UHCP significantly improved vertical jump height (p < 0.01), while MCP outperformed all other conditions in agility performance (p < 0.05). In the Wingate test, MCP achieved a shorter TPP compared to NCP (p < 0.05), with significantly higher AP, lower PD, and greater TEP than all other groups (p < 0.05), whereas HCP showed an advantage only in PP over NCP (p < 0.05). Post-exercise, all compression pant groups recorded significantly higher peak blood lactate (Lamax) levels than NCP (p < 0.05), with MCP showing the fastest lactate clearance rate. Heart rate analysis revealed that HCP and UHCP induced higher maximum heart rates (HRmax) (p < 0.05), while MCP exhibited superior heart rate recovery at 3, 5, and 10 min post-exercise (p< 0.05). These findings suggest that compression pants with different pressure levels yield distinct effects on anaerobic performance and physiological recovery. Moderate-pressure compression pants demonstrated the most balanced and beneficial outcomes across multiple performance and recovery metrics, providing practical implications for the individualized design and application of compression garments in athletic training and rehabilitation.
Journal Article
Effects of compression pants on hip proprioception and dynamic balance during intermittent half-marathon running
The study aims to examine how the compression pants affect hip proprioception and dynamic balance at three consecutive 7 km intervals in half marathon runners. Eighteen runners completed an intermittent treadmill half-marathon (3 × 7 km segments with standardized 5-min breaks) wearing either full-length compression pants or normal shorts. Hip extension proprioception, dynamic balance, RPE, heart rate and blood lactate were assessed before running and after each 7 km portion. There were no differences between the compression pants and normal shorts in terms of RPE, heart rate and blood lactate. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the garment main effect was not significant for both hip proprioception and SEBT. Polynomial trend analysis showed a significant linear downward effect for hip proprioception scores across the four tests (F = 8.862,
p
= 0.01). Paired samples t-tests showed that when wearing normal shorts, hip proprioception dropped significantly after running 14 km (
p
= 0.03). In contrast, hip proprioception held equivalent to baseline when wearing compression pants (
p
= 0.93). These preliminary findings suggest wearing compression pants did not show any benefit in maintaining dynamic balance of half-marathon runners, however, compression pants may help maintain hip proprioception during runs up to 14 km in recreational runners, though larger studies are needed to confirm these effects.
Journal Article
The nursing application of multifunctional protective pants after posterior urethral stricture surgery A randomized clinical trial
Posterior urethral stricture is a severe disease in urology, and end-to-end urethral anastomosis remains the gold standard treatment. The surgical outcome not only depends on meticulous intraoperative management but also on postoperative care. Key aspects of postoperative care include stable compression bandaging, prevention of skin tension and allergic blistering, and preventing penile from erection. We have produced a multifunctional protective pant that is expected to prove its effectiveness through a randomized controlled study. This study included 50 patients who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The patients in the experimental group wore the protective pants immediately after surgery. On the basis of routine care in the control group, health education and guidance for patients and family members on wearing protective pants were added. During the postoperative period until discharge, we observed the occurrence of wound bleeding, abnormal body temperature, and evaluated patient infection status based on results such as blood routine and procalcitonin. A numerical scoring table was used for pain assessment during the three days and nine shifts handover of patients. Patient feedback during pants usage was obtained through a self-assessment questionnaire two months after surgery. On the second day after surgery, the incidence of scrotum oedema in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Within five days after surgery, the experimental group had a significantly lower incidence of wound bleeding, skin allergic blisters and erectile pain compared to the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The use of the protective pants effectively reduced postoperative complications during the perioperative period, and significantly improving surgical success rates and patient satisfaction.
Journal Article
Bounds for Kirby–Thompson invariants of knotted surfaces
Blair, Campisi, Taylor, and Tomova introduced a non-negative integer-valued invariant
L
(
S
)
of a smooth surface
S
in the 4-sphere. In this paper, we extend previous work done by the authors with Scott Taylor to compute the invariant
L
(
S
)
of a knotted surface in 4-space. We further explore the combinatorics of pants decompositions to give sharp bounds for the
L
-invariant of large families of bridge trisections. As an application, we show that surfaces with
L
(
S
)
≤
2
must be unknotted.
Journal Article
Pretreatment Vitamin D Concentrations Do Not Predict Therapeutic Outcome to Anti-TNF Therapies in Biologic-Naïve Patients With Active Luminal Crohn’s Disease
Abstract
Background and Aims
Vitamin D has a regulatory role in innate and adaptive immune processes. Previous studies have reported that low pretreatment vitamin D concentrations are associated with primary non-response (PNR) and non-remission to anti-TNF therapy. This study aimed to assess whether pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations predicted PNR and non-remission to infliximab and adalimumab in patients with active luminal Crohn’s disease.
Methods
25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured in stored baseline samples from 659 infliximab- and 448 adalimumab-treated patients in the Personalised Anti-TNF Therapy in Crohn’s disease (PANTS) study. Cut-offs for vitamin D were deficiency <25 nmol/L, insufficiency 25–50 nmol/L, and adequacy/sufficiency >50 nmol/L.
Results
About 17.1% (189/1107; 95% CI, 15.0–19.4) and 47.7% (528/1107; 95% CI, 44.8–50.6) of patients had vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, respectively. 22.2% (246/1107) of patients were receiving vitamin D supplementation. Multivariable analysis confirmed that sampling during non-summer months, South Asian ethnicity, lower serum albumin concentrations, and non-treatment with vitamin D supplementation were independently associated with lower vitamin D concentrations. Pretreatment vitamin D status did not predict response or remission to anti-TNF therapy at week 14 (infliximab Ppnr = .89, adalimumab Ppnr = .18) or non-remission at week 54 (infliximab P = .13, adalimumab P = .58). Vitamin D deficiency was, however, associated with a longer time to immunogenicity in patients treated with infliximab, but not adalimumab.
Conclusions
Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Unlike previous studies, pretreatment vitamin D concentration did not predict PNR to anti-TNF treatment at week 14 or nonremission at week 54.
Lay Summary
Low vitamin D concentrations are common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In this study of more than 1000 patients with Crohn’s disease starting anti-TNF treatment, we found that pretreatment vitamin D concentrations did not predict response to anti-TNF treatment.
Journal Article