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The pronghorn spiny lobster Panulirus penicillatus is a highly valuable species which is widely distributed in Indo-West Pacific and Eastern Pacific regions. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (566–571 bp) were determined to investigate the population genetic structure of this species in the Indian Ocean. In total, 236 adult individuals of Panulirus penicillatus were collected from five locations in the Indian Ocean region. Almost all individuals had a unique haplotype. Intrapopulation haplotype (h) and nucleotide (π) diversities were high for each locality, ranging from h = 0.9986–1.0000 and π = 0.031593–0.043441. We observed distinct genetic isolation of population located at the northwestern and southwestern edge of the species range. Gene flow was found within localities in the central and eastern region of the Indian Ocean, probably resulting from an extended planktonic larval stage and prevailing ocean currents.

This research aims to analyze morphometrics of (P. penicillatus ) and ( P. versicolor ) in waters of Sabang. A total of 50 samples from each species of P. penicillatus and P. versicolor were used for morphometric analysis using Traditional Morphometric and Truss Morphometric approaches. Morphological analysis indicated that both lobster species are categorized into two distinct groups. Traditional morphometric character testing using ANOVA showed that species differences significantly influence the variation in morphological characters (P<0.05) in both lobsters. Further Duncan post hoc tests revealed that four characters (HL), (CHW), and (CHL)) differed significantly between the species. P. penicillatus shared three characters similar to P. versicolor , namely (HL), (CHW), and (CHL). This similarity is based on the shape of HL, CHW, and CHL in both lobsters. In the Truss Morphometric character testing with ANOVA, it was found that species differences affect the characters significantly (P<0.05). The Duncan post hoc test revealed that five characters ([A1, A3], [B1, B3], [C5, C6], D4, [D5, D6]) differed significantly between species. DFA resulted in 1 function, with an eigenvalue of 27.595, indicating that it explains 100% of the total variance. The morphological characters that significantly contribute to the differentiation between species are A1, B1, C5, A5, and D5.

Nasal coast is one of the areas with a fishing sector that includes lobster fishing and falls under the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area 572 (IFMA 572). However, little information on lobster fishery system in this area. This research aims to map the social-ecological system (SES) for the pronghorn spiny lobster ( Panulirus penicillatus ) in Nasal District, Kaur Regency, Bengkulu. This study conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 using a social-ecological system (SES) approach. The study refers that there are 34 nodes and 55 edges in the lobster fisheries connectivity parameter. The main elements in the lobster fisheries network are fishermen, fishing activity, weather, cost, fishing season, water quality, lobster, catch per unit effort, macro collectors, revenue, and catch. Those components are important in the dynamics of the SES lobster fisheries network ( Panulirus spp.) in the coastal waters of Nasal District.

Here we utilize a combination of genetic data, oceanographic data, and local ecological knowledge to assess connectivity patterns of the ornate spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius, 1798) in the South-East Asian archipelago from Vietnam to Australia. Partial mitochondrial DNA control region and 10 polymorphic microsatellites did not detect genetic structure of 216 wild P. ornatus samples from Australia, Indonesia and Vietnam. Analyses show no evidence for genetic differentiation among populations (mtDNA control region sequences ΦST = -0.008; microsatellite loci FST = 0.003). A lack of evidence for regional or localized mtDNA haplotype clusters, or geographic clusters of microsatellite genotypes, reveals a pattern of high gene flow in P. ornatus throughout the South-East Asian Archipelago. This lack of genetic structure may be due to the oceanography-driven connectivity of the pelagic lobster larvae between spawning grounds in Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and, possibly, Indonesia. The connectivity cycle necessitates three generations. The lack of genetic structure of P. ornatus population in the South-East Asian archipelago has important implications for the sustainable management of this lobster in that the species within the region needs to be managed as one genetic stock.

AIM: To resolve phylogeographical partitions in the pronghorn spiny lobster, Panulirus penicillatus, which has a nine‐month pelagic larval phase and the broadest distribution among spiny lobsters. With samples from the Red Sea to the East Pacific, we test genetic partitions across two‐thirds of the planet, in a species with one of the longest pelagic phases. LOCATION: Red Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans. METHODS: A fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was resolved in 774 individuals from 28 locations, plus 55 sequences (10 locations) from public databases. Portions of COI, 12S and 16S mtDNA regions were resolved for phylogenetic analyses on a subset of individuals. Phylogenetic and population‐level analyses were used to detect evolutionary partitions and dispersal barriers. RESULTS: Significant population structuring was detected (overall ΦST = 0.310, P < 0.001). Samples from the Red Sea and East Pacific Provinces (western and eastern range edges) comprise distinct phylogenetic lineages, divergent at d = 1.1% and 1.8%, respectively, from the Indo‐Pacific. Coalescent analyses indicate a Pleistocene isolation for the Red Sea (0.71 Ma) and East Pacific (1.52 Ma). Excluding the Red Sea and East Pacific, structure across the rest of the range was comparatively low, but significant (ΦST = 0.018, P < 0.001). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The Red Sea and East Pacific populations are phylogenetically distinct from populations elsewhere in the range. The East Pacific population diverged earliest, and may represent a distinct subspecies. Phylogeographical divisions align with the major Indo‐Pacific biogeographical barriers, and with subsets of provincial designations from two frameworks: one based on levels of endemism and one on species composition. Tropical and temperate regions in the Pacific are significantly differentiated, potentially indicating an ecological partition. Isolation at eastern and western peripheral provinces may serve as a starting point for evolutionary diversification within this group.

Understanding connectivity between populations is key to identifying hotspots of diversity, dispersal sinks and sources, and effective management units for natural resources. Multi-species connectivity seeks to overcome species-specific idiosyncrasies to identify shared patterns that are most critical to spatial management. The linear Hawaiian archipelago provides an excellent platform to assess multi-species connectivity patterns, with shared boundaries to gene flow identified across a majority of the 41 coral reef species surveyed to date. Here, we evaluate genome-scale data by comparing consistency and resolution to previous connectivity studies using far fewer loci. We used pool-seq to genotype 22,503–232,730 single nucleotide polymorphisms per species (625,215 SNPs total) from the same individuals published in previous studies of two fishes, two corals, and two lobsters. Additionally, one coral species (Pocillopora meandrina) without previous archipelago-wide population genetic data was included. With greater statistical power, most genetic differences between pairwise comparisons of islands were significant (250 of 308), consistent with the most recent larval dispersal models for the Hawaiian Archipelago. These data reveal significant differentiation at a finer scale than previously reported using single-marker studies, yet did not overturn any of the conclusions or management implications drawn from previous studies. We confirm that population genomic datasets are consistent with previously reported patterns of multispecies connectivity but add a finer layer of population resolution that is pertinent to management.

Crustaceans play an important role in marine ecosystem and worldwide fisheries. Accurate and quantitative description of growth is crucial in modelling the demographics and fisheries stock assessment. The stepwise growth as a result of the moulting process and the lack of permanent calcified structures make the traditional approaches developed for finfish inappropriate for crustaceans. This study reviews the data collection, quantitative methods and various sources of uncertainty for modelling the growth of crustacean. The methods were reviewed based on their data requirement and mathematical/statistical complexity ranging from simple growth rate, continuous growth curve to stepwise growth curve and size transition matrix. A comparative example of different growth models was illustrated with four selected crustaceans: American lobster ( Homarus americanus , Nephropidae), Dungeness crab ( Metacarcinus magister , Cancridae), blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus , Portunidae) and pronghorn spiny lobster ( Panulirus penicillatus , Palinuridae). Model selection and multi-model inference based on the information theory was discussed for modelling the growth components of moutling increment and intermoult period. Various drivers in determination of the growth pattern of crustaceans were evaluated, including life history strategy and environmental stress. The incorporation of environmental factors into the development of growth models and the recent progress in age-determination were highlighted. We discussed possible research needs for better quantification of crustaceans growth.

The pronghorn spiny lobster, Panulirus penicillatus, is a circumtropical species which has the widest global distribution among all the species of spiny lobster, ranging throughout the entire Indo-Pacific region. Partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA COI (1,142-1,207 bp) and 16S rDNA (535-546 bp) regions were determined for adult and phyllosoma larval samples collected from the Eastern Pacific (EP)(Galápagos Islands and its adjacent water), Central Pacific (CP)(Hawaii and Tuamotu) and the Western Pacific (WP)(Japan, Indonesia, Fiji, New Caledonia and Australia). Phylogenetic analyses revealed two distinct large clades corresponding to the geographic origin of samples (EP and CP+WP). No haplotype was shared between the two regional samples, and average nucleotide sequence divergence (Kimura's two parameter distance) between EP and CP+WP samples was 3.8±0.5% for COI and 1.0±0.4% for 16S rDNA, both of which were much larger than those within samples. The present results indicate that the Pacific population of the pronghorn spiny lobster is subdivided into two distinct populations (Eastern Pacific and Central to Western Pacific), with no gene flow between them. Although the pronghorn spiny lobster have long-lived teleplanic larvae, the vast expanse of Pacific Ocean with no islands and no shallow substrate which is known as the East Pacific Barrier appears to have isolated these two populations for a long time (c.a. 1MY).

Despite the oligotrophic conditions of the southeastern Levantine Sea and northern Red Sea, six lobster species—five slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) and one spiny lobster (Palinuridae)—maintain permanent, reproducing populations in the study area. Additionally, there are isolated records of four other sporadic lobster species. In the southeastern Mediterranean, permanent species include the Mediterranean slipper lobster,Scyllarides latus, small European locust lobster, Scyllarus arctus, and pygmy locust lobster, Scyllarus pygmaeus. In the northern Red Sea, they include the clamkiller slipper lobster, Scyllarides tridacnophaga, Lewinsohn locust slipper lobster, Eduarctus lewinsohni, and pronghorn spiny lobster, Panulirus penicillatus. This review synthesizes current knowledge of their biology and ecology, including distribution, habitat, reproduction and development, feeding, predators and anti-predatory adaptations, behavior, sensory modalities, environmental impacts, threats, and conservation. Recent advances focus mainly on larger, commercially valuable species (S. latus, S. tridacnophaga, P. penicillatus), while major gaps remain for oceanic post-embryonic stages and the nektonic nisto postlarva, as well as for smaller, often cryptic species (S. arctus, S. pygmaeus, E. lewinsohni). Addressing these gaps will require targeted research, using modern methodologies, in coastal, deep, and open waters, coupled with citizen-science surveys. While many Indo-Pacific decapods have been established in the Mediterranean, no immigrant lobster species have successfully colonized Levant waters, despite rare records of three non-indigenous species (NIS). However potential NIS predators and shifts in mollusk compositions, the main prey of some native lobsters, may affect the latter. Large lobsters remain targeted by fisheries despite protective regulations, which are not always effective or obeyed. No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) or nature reserves can be effective if sufficiently large and well-managed. Habitat loss from marine construction can be partly compensated by stable, environmentally safe artificial reefs tailored to lobster behavioral ecology. The categories of the studied lobsters’ species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, last updated over fifteen years ago, should be re-evaluated.