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This study was aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients with intercondylar fractures of the humerus treated with orthogonal and parallel plating methods via precontoured plates. This was a retrospective comparative study conducted on 50 adult patients with intercondylar humerus fractures that were surgically treated over an eleven-year period. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A underwent internal fixation via parallel plating, whereas Group B received orthogonal plating. Clinical outcomes were evaluated via the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and the radiographic assessments included time to consolidation, pseudoarthrosis, malunion and hardware removal. Both groups presented similar demographic and preoperative characteristics. The functional outcomes assessed by the MEPS were not significantly different between the groups. Radiographically, comparable healing times and rates of complications, including pseudoarthrosis, malunion and hardware removal, were observed. The study findings suggest that both orthogonal and parallel plating methods yield comparable clinical and radiographic outcomes in the treatment of intercondylar humerus fractures. These results underscore the effectiveness of both techniques and emphasize the importance of further research to elucidate the optimal plating method for specific fracture patterns.

Background/objectives This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of parallel and orthogonal plating in the surgical treatment of AO/OTA type 13-C distal humerus fractures in patients over 50 years of age and to evaluate the predictive role of local bone quality, measured using Hounsfield Unit (HU), on these outcomes. Methods In this retrospective study, 80 patients over the age of 50 who underwent surgery for AO/OTA type 13-C distal humerus fractures between 2012 and 2022 were analyzed. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the plating technique: parallel( n  = 33) or orthogonal( n  = 47). Functional and radiological outcomes were compared, including elbow range of motion, Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), QuickDASH, time to union, complication and reoperation rates, and presence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Bone quality was stratified based on HU measurements obtained from preoperative CT scans, specifically from the largest intact slice of the capitellum and trochlea in the sagittal view and from the axial slice just above the proximal fracture line, using a threshold value of 124.5 HU corresponding to the median HU value of the patient cohort. MEPS and QuickDASH were evaluated at the 12-month postoperative follow-up. Results Orthogonal plating was associated with longer union times ( p  < 0.001), higher complication rates ( p  = 0.008), and greater incidence of post-traumatic arthrosis ( p  = 0.027) compared to parallel plating. Subgroup analysis revealed that in patients with HU ≤ 124.5, orthogonal plating was linked to significantly increased nonunion risk ( p  = 0.03) and longer union times ( p  < 0.001), whereas parallel plating yielded more consistent results regardless of bone quality. Nonunion was significantly higher in the HU ≤ 124.5 subgroup ( p  = 0.031), and particularly more frequent in orthogonal plating within this group ( p  = 0.04). Conclusion While both plating techniques provided comparable functional outcomes, orthogonal plating was associated with higher complication and nonunion rates, especially in patients with poor bone quality. This may be attributed to the reduced mechanical stability of orthogonal constructs in osteoporotic bone, which may compromise fixation strength and lead to higher failure rates. HU assessment from routine CT scans may aid in preoperative decision-making to optimize surgical outcomes.

Background The posterior plating technique could be used as a clinical alternative to parallel plating for treating comminuted distal humerus fractures (DHFs) successfully with good clinical results. However, the biomechanical characteristics for posterior fixation are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the posterior fixation and to make comparisons between the parallel and the posterior fixation systems. Materials and methods We performed a cadaveric biomechanical testing with two posterior plating systems (a posterior two plating and a single posterior pre-contoured Y plating system) and one parallel two plating system to treat AO/OTA type-C2.3 DHFs. Among three groups, we compared construct stiffness, failure strength, and intercondylar width changes after 5000-cycle fatigue loading and failure loads and failure modes after destructive tests in both the axial compression and (sagittal) posterior bending directions. The correlations between construct failure loads and bone marrow density (BMD) were also compared. Results In axial direction, there were no significant differences in the stiffness and failure load between the posterior and the parallel constructs. However, in sagittal direction, the two-plate groups (posterior two plating and parallel plating group) had significant higher stiffness and failure loads than the one-plate group (single posterior Y plating). There was no fixation failure after 5000-cyclic loading in both directions for all groups. Positive correlation was noted between BMD and failure loads on parallel fixation. Conclusions We found that when using two plates for treating comminuted DHFs, there were no significant differences in terms of most biomechanical measurements between posterior and parallel fixation. However, the single pre-contoured posterior Y plate construct was biomechanically weaker in the sagittal plane than the parallel and the posterior two-plate constructs, although there was no fixation failure after the fatigue test for all groups regardless of the fixation methods. Level of evidence Biomechanical study

With the continuing improvements in implants for distal humerus fractures, it is expected that newer types of plates, which are anatomically precontoured, thinner and less irritating to soft tissue, would have comparable outcomes when used in a clinical study. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with distal humerus fractures who were treated with orthogonal and parallel plating methods using precontoured distal humerus plates. Sixty-seven patients with a mean age of 55.4 years (range 22–90 years) were included in this prospective study. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 treatments: orthogonal or parallel plating. The following results were assessed: operating time, time to fracture union, presence of a step or gap at the articular margin, varus–valgus angulation, functional recovery, and complications. No intergroup differences were observed based on radiological and clinical results between the groups. In our practice, no significant differences were found between the orthogonal and parallel plating methods in terms of clinical outcomes, mean operation time, union time, or complication rates. There were no cases of fracture nonunion in either group; heterotrophic ossification was found 3 patients in orthogonal plating group and 2 patients in parallel plating group. In our practice, no significant differences were found between the orthogonal and parallel plating methods in terms of clinical outcomes or complication rates. However, orthogonal plating method may be preferred in cases of coronal shear fractures, where posterior to anterior fixation may provide additional stability to the intraarticular fractures. Additionally, parallel plating method may be the preferred technique used for fractures that occur at the most distal end of the humerus.

Background Complex distal end of humerus fractures are one of the most challenging cases in orthopedics. There is a paucity of literature on outcomes of parallel reconstruction plates using olecranon osteotomy technique along with large sample size. This study focuses primarily on rate of various complications encountered in intraarticular AO Type C distal humerus fractures. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, we included 94 patients with isolated closed intraarticular AO type C distal and humerus injuries. Exclusion criteria were polytrauma, open injuries, and pathological fractures (except osteoporosis). The followup was done immediate postoperatively, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and at 2 years. Range of motion (ROM), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score was recorded at each visit. Assessment of union was done based on X-ray. Patients were classified into two groups; Group 1 – patients without complications ( n = 64) and Group 2 – with one or more complications. Results The average duration of surgery was 2 h and 15 min. The complication rate was 31.9% (30/94), however, a total of 45 complications were noted. The difference between ROM in the two groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.05), however, the difference between MEPS and DASH score was not statistically significant. The most common complication found was ulnar nerve neuropathy. Conclusion Parallel plating using olecranon osteotomy is an acceptable approach for this fracture, but due to inherent nature of this injury, it has its own set of complications which must be counseled before surgery and active participation of patient is required to obtain realistic expectations and goals for the future.

The strategy of obtaining value-added products from electrochemical reduction of CO 2 is promising and advantageous over other conventional methods. The present work uses an electrodeposition method to prepare electro-decorated Sn on Cu foam. The physicochemical and morphology analyses were studied using XRD, XPS, and FESEM. The electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 of the prepared electrocatalyst was successfully demonstrated in 0.5-M KHCO 3 electrolyte in two different cell designs—a conventional H-type cell and an improved cell design by the two parallel-connected electrodes. The formate product formed during CO 2 reduction was identified using NMR, and the faradaic efficiency at different potentials was calculated. The prepared electro-decorated Sn@Cu foam electrode displayed exceptional stability under CO 2 reduction conditions over a period of 20-h duration in a conventional method. We extended our work for continuous CO 2 electroreduction with parallel-connected electrodes to obtain formate at ambient temperature and pressure. The parallel mode was adopted to maximize the active sites so as to achieve maximum product concentration. The formate concentration of 6.12 g L −1 was achieved with electro-decorated Sn@Cu foam electrode on continuous CO 2 reduction in a batch mode setup. The proposed approach of producing formate via batch mode CO 2 reactor at a larger scale would open vistas for the industrialization (scale-up) of the process. Graphical abstract The present work is focused on the preparation of electro-decorated Sn@Cu foam using electrodeposition methods. Electroreduction of CO 2 was carried out using the tin on Cu electrocatalyst. We observed the selective formation of formate. With the improved cell design, we can achieve the formate concentration of 6.12 g L −1 on 20 h of continuous CO 2 electrolysis.

This paper presents a handful of electrochemical experiments related to one single system that opens up the way to teach a bunch of topics related to physical and inorganic chemistry, hence serving experience-oriented education of otherwise hard-to-understand fields. The key idea is the electrodeposition of metals from the same bath containing Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ ions onto electrodes that differ from each other either in size or position within the electrochemical cell. With the proper optimization of the current densities, pure Cu and a Ni-rich coating with shiny silver colour can be obtained on electrodes of large and small surface area, respectively. It will be explained in detail how to drive the discussion on the experiment so that the audience learns which processes can be treated as parallel ones (i.e. the deposition of two metals, Cu and Ni), the mass transport taking place in serial with the electrochemical reaction, and the occurrence of the mass transport limitation in an electrode process. Didactic aspects of the experiment are presented for both high school and undergraduate levels, and control experiments are also suggested to verify the conclusions achieved. Collateral topics of chemistry and materials science that can be brought up in connection with the experiment are also enumerated.

NRC publication: No

At present, the explosive growth of data and the mass storage state have brought many problems such as computational complexity and insufficient computational power to clustering research. The distributed computing platform through load balancing dynamically configures a large number of virtual computing resources, effectively breaking through the bottleneck of time and energy consumption, and embodies its unique advantages in massive data mining. This paper studies the parallel k-means extensively. This article first initializes random sampling and second parallelizes the distance calculation process that provides independence between the data objects to perform cluster analysis in parallel. After the parallel processing of the MapReduce, we use many nodes to calculate distance, which speeds up the efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, the clustering of data objects is parallelized. Results show that our method can provide services efficiently and stably and have good convergence.

Polymers as a new chemical grouting material have been widely used in fractured rock mass; however, the understanding of polymer diffusion characteristics still needs to be further improved. In order to study the diffusion mechanism of foamed polymer slurry in rock fissures, the radial diffusion model of polymer single crack grouting is derived in consideration of the factors such as grouting volume, crack width and expansion rate. The influence of different factors on slurry diffusion radius, diffusion pressure and flow rate is analyzed, The diffusion model is verified by finite element numerical simulation. The findings show that (1) The results of slurry diffusion radius, pressure and velocity distribution at different times under different working conditions in the present model are in good agreement with the analytical solution; (2) The diffusion pressure is directly proportional to the grouting volume and expansion multiple, and inversely proportional to the crack width. In addition, diffusion pressure decreases with the increase of diffusion distance, and the pressure at the corresponding distance increases slowly with time, and finally tends to be stable; (3) For the same section, the radial velocity decreases slowly with the increase of time; for different sections, the flow velocity increases sharply with the increase of the distance between the section and the central axis of the grouting hole.