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First report of Hexamermis sp
The European sunn pest, Eurygaster maura (L.) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae), is an insect of great importance to wheat (Triticum spp.; Poales: Poaceae), and other small grains in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Natural parasitism of this pest by a parasitic nematode, Hexamermis sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae), was reported for the first time in Ankara, Turkey, in 2013. During the next year, adults of E. maura were collected from an overwintering area under plant leaf litter and brought to the laboratory and sexed. After killing, they were dissected to determine the presence or absence of mermithids. Natural parasit ism rates caused by the parasitic nematode were calculated individually for females and males of the sunn pest. The parasitism rates in the overwintering area were 20.0% for females and 31.6% for males during 2014. These findings suggest that Hexamermis sp. has potential as a biological control agent of E. maura.
Journal Article
Animal zombies! : and other bloodsucking beasts, creepy creatures, and real-life monsters
\"Facts and information about parasites and other creatures of the animals world\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Mobile Signals in Plant Parasitism
Land plants are sessile organisms that depend on their immediate surroundings throughout their lives. To survive, plants perceive and react to abiotic and biotic stimuli. Plants engaging with other organisms, such as symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is an ancient concept. The symbionts provide the plant with nutrients and nitrogen, in return, the plant sends mostly sugars.However, plants are also susceptible to pathogenic organisms, like parasitic nematodes that colonize and feed on the plant root, thereby benefiting from the host without killing it. Parasitism is a highly successful strategy, not only for nematodes but among all kingdoms of life. Plants also evolved parasitism. Parasitic plants satisfy their nutritional needs by infecting and parasitizing their host through a multicellular invasive organ, the haustorium. Some parasitic plants infect crop plants, resulting in severe yield loss. Parasitic weedmanagement options, however, are limited. Parasitism requires mobile signaling cues and their distribution within the parasite, as well as in-between parasite and the host. Plant parasitism-related signaling pathways show parallels to other plant developmental programs, such as lateral root development. This study aimed to uncover the biogenesis and function of mobile cues aiding parasitism of plants on host plants.
eBook
Seasonal variation in the risk of cuckoo parasitism does not influence nest defense and egg rejection in a population of Daurian redstarts (Phoenicurus auroreus)
Behavioral plasticity is an adaptive or non-adaptive adjustment made by individual animals in response to environmental changes that can affect their reproductive success. In obligate brood parasitism systems, the high reproductive costs imposed on hosts can result in the evolution of strategies for protection against parasites or their offspring (eggs or nestlings). However, there has been some controversy over whether hosts can adjust the intensity of anti-parasitic behaviors according to the spatiotemporal dynamics of parasitism risk. In this study, simulated parasitism with the common cuckoo (
Cuculus canorus
) and its host Daurian redstart (
Phoenicurus auroreus
) was performed to evaluate host nest defense and egg rejection behaviors in response to seasonal changes in parasitism risk. Daurian redstarts exhibited low nest defense intensities and high egg recognition levels; however, there were no significant differences in responses to cuckoo dummies or in rejection rates for model eggs before and after cuckoo arrival. This suggests that the anti-parasitism behavior (during both frontline defense and the egg stage) of Daurian redstarts in this study system was unaffected by intra-seasonal variation in cuckoo parasitism risk. Our findings are consistent with the strategy blocking hypothesis but do not support the parasitism risk-driven adaptive plasticity hypothesis for intra-seasonal anti-parasitism behaviors.
Significance Statement
Whether hosts can adjust the intensity of anti-parasitic behaviors according to the spatiotemporal dynamics of parasitism risk remains unsolved. We showed that the Daurian redstart (
Phoenicurus auroreus
), a common host of the common cuckoo (
Cuculus canorus
), exhibited low nest defense intensities and high egg recognition levels, with no significant differences in egg rejection, or in responses to cuckoo dummies before and after cuckoo arrival, suggesting that the anti-parasitism behavior of Daurian redstarts in this study system was unaffected by intra-seasonal variation in cuckoo parasitism risk.
Journal Article
Parasitism preference of Chalcid hymenopteran Dirhinus giffardii
The housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is capable of transmitting many pathogens that cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Mostly the management tactics rely on synthetic chemicals, but these chemicals creates lethal effects on biological ecosystem. For natural and safe options, bio-control strategy is one of the choice. The present study was a part of such effort to use this strategy and validate the biological performance of the potential pupal parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) against house fly and provide alternative and safe control of filthy flies. This is the first report on parasitism potential and preference of D. giffardii against house fly. The D. giffardii, early reported as an effective pupal parasitoid of tephritid flies, here in the case presented, showed overall 70% reduction in the house fly population by parasitizing pupae. The parasitism efficiency and longevity of hymenopteran parasitoid was remarkably noted two-fold higher and one-fold more female production on house fly pupae as compared to primary hosts (Tephritids). Furthermore, sex ratio of the resultant progeny was also confirmed the dominancy of female by 74% as compared to males. Based on the novel findings we therefore conclude that D. giffardii is the best bio-control agent for controlling house flies.
Journal Article
Zombies in nature
\"This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes animals that seem to take over the brains of other animals. Explains how parasites can alter their hosts' behaviors to use the host for their survival\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Parasitism preference of Chalcid hymenopteran Dirhinus giffardii pupae
The housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is capable of transmitting many pathogens that cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Mostly the management tactics rely on synthetic chemicals, but these chemicals creates lethal effects on biological ecosystem. For natural and safe options, bio-control strategy is one of the choice. The present study was a part of such effort to use this strategy and validate the biological performance of the potential pupal parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) against house fly and provide alternative and safe control of filthy flies. This is the first report on parasitism potential and preference of D. giffardii against house fly. The D. giffardii, early reported as an effective pupal parasitoid of tephritid flies, here in the case presented, showed overall 70% reduction in the house fly population by parasitizing pupae. The parasitism efficiency and longevity of hymenopteran parasitoid was remarkably noted two-fold higher and one-fold more female production on house fly pupae as compared to primary hosts (Tephritids). Furthermore, sex ratio of the resultant progeny was also confirmed the dominancy of female by 74% as compared to males. Based on the novel findings we therefore conclude that D. giffardii is the best bio-control agent for controlling house flies.
Journal Article