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This study aimed to enhance knowledge on which aspects of the family context are most relevant in identifying at-risk/problematic social media users among adolescents. Therefore, we examined the relative contribution to adolescents' at-risk/problematic social media use (SMU) of general and Internet-specific family factors related to three different family (sub)systems: parent-child (Internet-specific rule-setting, reactive restrictions towards Internet use, co-use, adolescents' involvement in rule-setting and positive parenting), parent (parental screen time, phubbing, stress, anxiety and depression) and family (family functioning, family intactness and SES) (sub)system. Questionnaire data came from 403 adolescents (M = 13.51, SD = 2.15) and 396 parents (M = 46.59, SD = 5.29) who participated in wave 1 of the Dutch ‘Digital Family project’. Logistic regression analyses showed that only factors related to the parent-child subsystem remained significant in predicting being an at-risk/problematic social media user when examining predictors related to the parent-child, parent and family (sub)system simultaneously. Specifically, general and Internet-specific parenting practices contributed to the prediction above and beyond each other. Positive parenting and Internet-specific rule-setting seem protective, while parental reactive restrictions towards Internet use could be a risk factor. Positive parenting showed the largest effect size. The results suggest that parental behaviors directed towards the child should be a focus of attention in prevention of adolescents' problematic SMU. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of untangling restrictive mediation (impulsive, in the moment, attempts to limit SMU versus communicating clear rules in advance) when examining its effects. •Relative associations of family subsystems with problematic SMU are examined.•Especially the parent-child system seems important to consider in preventing problematic SMU.•General and Internet-specific parenting relate to problematic SMU above and beyond each other.•Internet-specific rules and positive parenting are negatively related to problematic SMU.•Reactive restrictions towards Internet use is positively related to problematic SMU.

Based on six waves of longitudinal data collected from high school students, the study examined developmental pattern and correlates of resilience in adolescents in Hong Kong. Over 6 years, the students were invited to complete a questionnaire containing measures of psychosocial functioning including family functioning, parent-child subsystem quality and resilience. There was a slight decrease of resilience throughout adolescence. Adolescents having better parent-child subsystem quality and family functioning reported higher levels of resilience initially. However, better mother-child subsystem quality and family functioning were significantly associated with faster decrease in resilience, although adolescents with better parent-child subsystem quality and family functioning always reported higher resilience levels over 6 years. The findings suggest that strengthening family processes can help to promote resilience in adolescents in Hong Kong.

In the past, approaches to the analysis of early socialization have emphasized the importance of the mother‐child dyad. As researchers have broadened their interests to include the father's role in early socialization the need to conceptualize the infant as a member of a family has emerged. The usefulness of general systems theory for concept totalizing the young child as a member of a family, a living system at the level of the group, is explored. Current research findings are related to a system framework and suggestions for conceptualizing the steady state processes of the family are proposed.

In this chapter, we present the background and rationale for assessing acculturation in Asian American families. We discuss key Asian American family acculturation issues: family dynamics, family structure, developmental considerations, and family ecologies. In addition, we present clinical guidelines to assess Asian American family acculturation and its impact on the parent–child and couple subsystems.