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Based on the responses of 2369 Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong (mean age = 14.2; 48.5% girls), the interaction effects of parental behavioral control and psychological control on adolescent wellbeing (indexed by life satisfaction and hopelessness) were examined. Results indicated that the interaction of paternal behavioral control and paternal psychological control was associated with adolescent life satisfaction. Paternal behavioral control had a stronger impact on adolescent life satisfaction when paternal psychological control was at a higher level than at a lower level. While the relationship between maternal behavioral control and life satisfaction was stronger for boys than for girls, maternal psychological control was negatively related to life satisfaction for girls but not for boys. Regarding adolescent hopelessness, both paternal and maternal psychological control moderated the relationship between paternal behavioral control and adolescent hopelessness. The relationships between paternal behavioral control and adolescent hopelessness were negative when either paternal or maternal psychological control was at lower levels, but the relationships became non-significant when parental psychological control was at higher levels. The study implies that there are interaction effects of parental behavioral control and psychological control on well-being among Chinese adolescents, which provides important insights on the development of the family socialization model.

Previous research suggested that parental behavioral control and psychological control have differential associations with adolescents’ peer victimization. However, given that these two types of parental control are somewhat related but distinct from each other, it is critical to distinguish the unique relationship between each form of parental control and peer victimization. Furthermore, the mediating mechanism between parental control and peer victimization has not been thoroughly examined. The present study was designed to examine the unique associations of parental behavioral control and psychological control with Chinese adolescents’ peer victimization, as well as the mediating role of self-control. A total of 694 7th–9th grade middle school students in China ( M age = 13.67, SD  = 1.20) participated the survey by completing questionnaires about demographics, parental control, self-control, and peer victimization. Results indicated that: psychological control had positive associations with both overt and relational victimization, and these associations were partially mediated by adolescents’ self control. In contrast, behavioral control was positively associated with self-control, which in turn negatively associated with peer victimization. On the other hand, behavioral control was positively associated with peer victimization. Hence, an inconsistent mediation was found due to the opposite signs and the same magnitudes of the direct and indirect relationships between behavioral control and peer victimization. These findings suggest that parental behavioral control and psychological control contribute to adolescents’ peer victimization through different mediating mechanisms.

It is stated that parental psychological control (PC), which appears to hinder psychological development in children and adolescents, is associated with internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, parenting styles and practices vary across cultures. For this reason, to determine the risk of IGD in adolescents who are in the process of psychological development and to prevent it at an early stage, there is a need to better understand the effect of PC on the development of IGD. In this context, this study aims to examine the impact of perceived parental psychological control on the risk of Internet gaming disorder in Turkish adolescents. A cross-sectional design was used. The sample group consisted of 4498 students from eight public high schools in Turkey. Participant Information Form, the Psychological Control Scale, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form were used for collecting data. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of IGD increased as maternal disrespect-maternal psychological control and father disrespect scores increased. Paternal psychological control score had no significant effect on IGD risk. In the multivariate model, age, father’s education level, spending money on games, time spent playing daily games on weekdays and weekends, and father’s psychological score were found to be associated with IGD risk. The effects of maternal disrespect and maternal psychological control scores on the IGD risk varied according to the number of siblings and the education level of the mother. As a result, parental PC was determined to affect the risk of IGD in Turkish adolescents significantly.

The aim of the present study was to explore gender differences in perceived parental involvement and perceived psychological and behavioral control during emerging adulthood in two Southern European countries (Spain and Portugal). Data were collected from 491 Portuguese and 552 Spanish undergraduate emerging adults (53.7 % women and 46.3 % men) aged between 18 and 29 years (M = 20.24 and SD = 2.12). Results indicated that women perceived higher levels of parental involvement than men in both countries, and men perceived more behavioral control than women in Portugal. Furthermore, gender was found to moderate the association between perceived parental involvement and perceived psychological and behavioral control differently in each country. Taken together, our findings suggest that gender-differentiated socialization patterns persist during emerging adulthood and that these patterns may be affected by the sociocultural context.HighlightsOlder children’s gender is a key variable that influences family relationships during emerging adulthood in southern Europe, being Spain and Portugal the focus of the present study.Women perceive higher levels of parental involvement than men in both countries, while men perceive higher levels of behavioral control than women exclusively in Portugal. No gender differences were found among either Portuguese or Spanish emerging adults in terms of perceived psychological control.Spanish emerging adults perceive higher levels of parental involvement and behavioral control than their Portuguese counterparts.Greater perceived parental involvement is associated with less perceived psychological control among both women and men, in both countries, although this association is stronger among women.Greater perceived parental involvement is associated with less perceived behavioral control in Spain (for both genders) and for women in Portugal.

Objective The present study explored the association between emerging adults' perceptions of different types of parental control and their well‐being. Background There is a lack of research investigating parental control in Turkey during emerging adulthood. The current study addresses the gap by examining the role of basic psychological needs frustration (BPNF), guided by the self‐determination theory. Method The sample included 714 participants who were unmarried, aged 18 to 24 years, and Turkish. Participants answered self‐report questionnaires on parental control, BPNF, and mental and sexual well‐being. Results Perceived parental psychological and sexual control were positively and behavioral control was negatively associated with BPNF. The BPNF mediated the relationship between perceived parental psychological and behavioral control, mental well‐being, and the relationship between perceived parental sexual control and sexual well‐being. The association between perceived parental sexual control and sexual well‐being was moderated by gender and religiosity. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of examining parental control while investigating the well‐being of Turkish emerging adults. Implications Interference with meeting basic psychological needs may be linked to distress for emerging adults. Future research should explore the long‐term consequences of parental control on youth development, taking gender and religiosity into account.

Few studies have focused on adolescents’ interpretations of parental control in a non-Western context. This study examines the intervening role of Turkish adolescents’ interpretations of psychological control (PC)/behavioral control (BC) in the relation between PC/BC and adolescent problem behaviors and the moderating roles of maternal warmth and adolescents’ legitimacy beliefs of these control practices. Participants were 689 adolescents (Mage = 13.95; SD = 0.94; 56.9% girls) and their mothers. Structural equation modeling results indicated that (1) adolescents who have experienced greater maternal PC were more likely to interpret specific situations of maternal PC negatively, (2) adolescents who have experienced greater maternal BC were less likely to interpret specific situations of maternal BC negatively, (3) adolescents’ interpretations of specific PC/BC practices intervened the relation between PC/BC and adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems, and (4) adolescents’ perceptions of maternal warmth moderated the association between their general perceptions of PC and interpretations of specific PC practices. The findings support previous findings regarding adolescents’ interpretations of PC practices and indicates the need for further research on interpretations of BC practices.HighlightsThere are two types of parental control which are psychological and behavioral control.Turkish adolescents tend to interpret their mothers’ psychological control negatively, but do not tend to interpret behavioral control negatively.Adolescents’ interpretations of psychological and behavioral control intervene the links between these control practices and adolescent problem behaviors.Perceived maternal warmth seems to shape adolescents’ interpretations of psychological control practices.

Prior research has investigated parental behavior and students’ motivation separately as predictors of adolescents’ academic achievement. The current study jointly examined the associations between parental behavior, adolescents’ motivation, and academic achievement. Using data collected from participants in youth programs (N = 220), we investigated whether students’ academic goal engagement and disengagement mediates the association between adolescents’ relationships with their parents and their academic achievement. Findings from regression-based mediation models indicated that adolescents’ perceived maternal support was positively associated with their academic achievement, and that this association was mediated by students’ engagement with academic goals. Perceived maternal psychological control was negatively associated with students’ academic success, mediated by students’ academic goal disengagement. Supplementary analyses examining components of perceived parental support and psychological control showed that maternal warmth may be most beneficial for adolescents’ academic success, whereas maternal devaluation may be most detrimental. Perceived paternal psychological control was only associated with lower academic achievement, but was not related to adolescents’ goal disengagement.HighlightsAdolescents’ academic goal engagement positively mediated the relation between maternal support and academic achievement.Adolescents’ academic goal disengagement negatively mediated the association between maternal psychological control and academic achievement.Results suggest ways in which mothers can either promote or hinder adolescents’ academic achievement.

Sexting is a risky behaviour that is becoming increasingly common among adolescents. There has been little research in Latin American countries. This study analyses sexting in relation to technology use, peer and family connectedness, and parental supervision in Ecuadorian adolescents, examining gender and age differences. A sample of 613 adolescents (12-18 years old) from Quito (Ecuador) completed a questionnaire about sexting, technology use, and parental supervision. The results show that the typical profile of a sexting practitioner is an adolescent who spends a lot of time using a mobile phone, mainly for peer engagement, and who also makes greater use of the internet and social networks. Parental control does not appear to be a key factor in relation to sexting. The typical profile did not differ across gender or stage of adolescence, although boys and older adolescents were more involved in sexting. Girls used Instagram and Snapchat more, and they also used their mobile phone more often for peer engagement. The use of ICTs was greater among late and middle adolescents, and parental supervision decreased as adolescents got older. Sexting is associated with a greater use of technology, mainly for peer engagement. Strict parental supervision does not mitigate adolescent sexting. Educational implications are discussed.

Drawing on self-determination theory and problem-behavior theory, we tested the relation between parental psychological control and adolescents’ problematic mobile phone use, and the sequential mediation effects of basic psychological need experiences (i.e., need frustration and satisfaction) and negative affect in this relation. A total of 4299 Chinese adolescents (46% boys, Mage = 14.48 years, SD = 1.90) participated in this study. We employed structural equation modeling in Mplus 8.0 to test the serial mediation mechanisms. After controlling for adolescents’ gender, age, social desirability scores, and family socioeconomic status in the structural equation model, we found that parental psychological control was positively associated with adolescents’ need frustration and problematic mobile phone use and was negatively associated with their need satisfaction. Need satisfaction and need frustration were negatively and positively associated with negative affect, respectively. However, only need frustration partially mediated the relation between parental psychological control and problematic mobile phone use. Notably, need satisfaction/frustration and negative affect sequentially mediated the relation between parental psychological control and problematic mobile phone use. Additional multiple-group analyses showed some gender and age differences. The present research provides important implications for effective parenting that avoids frustrating adolescents’ basic psychological needs and further prevents their problematic mobile phone use.HighlightsWe examined the mediation mechanisms between parental psychological control and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) in a large Chinese adolescent sample.Parental psychological control was positively associated with PMPU.Need frustration but not need satisfaction mediated the association between parental psychological control and PMPU.Need satisfaction/frustration and negative affect sequentially mediated the relation between parental psychological control and PMPU.

ObjectiveThe study investigated the relationship between psychological parental control and muscle dysmorphia in adolescence, as form of exercise dependence, focusing also on the role of pathological worry.MethodsParticipants were 312 adolescents (140 boys and 172 girls) aged 16 to 18 years (M = 17.05; SD = 0.85) and completed the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory, the Dependency-oriented and Achievement-oriented Parental Psychological Control, and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire.ResultsThe results highlighted that boys showed higher level than girls in dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented parental psychological control and muscle dysmorphia. Furthermore, girls showed higher levels of pathological worry than boys. Pathological worry partially mediated the relationship between dependency-oriented parental psychological control and muscle dysmorphia as well as between achievement-oriented parental psychological and muscle dysmorphia. Psychological parental control predicted muscle dysmorphia, and pathological worry seemed to act as a partial mediator in this relationship.ConclusionsPsychology parental control and pathological worry are linked to muscle dysmorphia, but psychological parental control seems to frustrate the need for autonomy of adolescents and, therefore, muscle dysmorphia may become the maladaptive answer to react to the excessive control of their parents. It seems that body of adolescents may become the scenario towards which they play a sort of power of control to counteract anxiety deriving from the excessive psychological control played by parents.