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"Parental overprotection."
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Parent–child relationship, parenting behaviors, and adolescents’ depressive symptoms after an earthquake: unraveling within-adolescent associations from between-adolescent differences
This study assessed temporal associations between parent–child relationship, parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth, rejection, and overprotection), and adolescents’ depressive symptoms after trauma, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to distinguish between- and within-adolescent differences. We surveyed Chinese adolescents 12 (Aug 2018; T1), 21 (May 2019; T2), 27 (Nov 2019; T3) months after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake that occurred in August 2017. Of the 585 adolescents who participated in at least two waves of the study, mean age at T1 was 15.50 years old (SD = 1.58 years) and 57.8% were girls. Controlling adolescents’ gender, age, ethnicity, trauma exposure at T1, and parents’ marital status, between-adolescent results showed that parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, parent–child relationship and depressive symptoms were correlated across models of parental warmth, rejection, and overprotection, whereas depressive symptoms were only correlated with parental rejection and overprotection. Within-adolescent results indicated that parent–child relationship and adolescents’ depressive symptoms had bidirectional associations via the mediation of parental warmth from T1 to T3. Over the longer term following the earthquake, we found that parental rejection was bidirectionally associated with adolescents’ depressive symptoms, whereas parental overprotection was unidirectionally influenced by adolescents’ depressive symptoms from T2 to T3. In addition, more depressive symptoms in adolescents were associated with worsening parent–child relationship from T2 to T3. In conclusion, shortly after trauma, interventions should focus on improving parent–child relationship and relieving adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Over the longer term after trauma, relieving adolescents’ depressive symptoms should be prioritized to avoid its eroding effects on parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors, and to break the “vicious cycle”.
Journal Article
How to raise an adult : break free of the overparenting trap and prepare your kid for success
\"A provocative manifesto that exposes the detrimental effects of helicopter parenting and puts forth an alternative philosophy for raising self-sufficient young adultsAcross a decade as Stanford University's Dean of Freshmen, Lythcott-Haims noticed a startling rise in parental involvement in students' lives. Every year, more parents were exerting control over students' academic work, extracurriculars, and career choices, often taking matters into their own hands rather than risk their child's failure or disappointment. Meanwhile, Lythcott-Haims encountered increasing numbers of students who, as a result of hyper-attentive parenting, lacked a strong sense of self and were poorly equipped to handle the demands of adult life. Alarmed--for the students, for their parents, and for society at large--she decided to fight back, with this book.In How to Raise an Adult, she draws on research, conversations with educators and employers, and her own insights as a mother and student dean to highlight the ways in which over-parenting harms children and their stressed-out parents. She identifies types of helicopter parents and, while empathizing with parents' universal worries, offers practical alternative strategies that underline the importance of allowing children to make their own mistakes and develop the resilience, resourcefulness, and inner determination necessary for success.Relevant to parents of toddlers as well as of twentysomethings, this book is a rallying cry for those who wish to ensure that the next generation can take charge of their own lives with competence and confidence\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The relationship between parental overprotection and student depression: The chain mediation role of psychological control and well-being
This study investigated the relationship between parental overprotection and adolescent depressive symptoms, focusing on the chain mediation roles of psychological control and well-being. Using a survey-based design with a convenience sample of 823 adolescents aged 10–14, data were collected through validated scales measuring parental overprotection, psychological control, well-being, and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis, conducted with the PROCESS macro for SPSS, revealed that parental overprotection exerts a significant positive effect on adolescent depression. Specifically, parental overprotection increases psychological control, which in turn reduces well-being, thereby exacerbating depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of balanced parenting practices that limit psychological control and promote adolescent autonomy and well-being. Educators and mental health professionals are encouraged to collaborate with families to reduce overprotective behaviors and enhance adolescents’ resilience against depressive symptoms.
Journal Article
Relationship of Parent Cultural Stress, Overprotective Parenting Practices, and Hispanic Children’s Anxiety
Anxiety is one of the most common experiences in children, and Hispanic children are at a high risk for developing anxiety symptoms and disorders. Previous research has shown that parental overprotective behaviors increase anxiety in White children, and the findings on the effects of overprotection on Hispanic children are mixed. In Hispanic populations, cultural stressors may also affect families and may be related to increased anxiety in youths; however, the research examining this variable is nonexistent. The present exploratory study examined the relationship of overprotective parenting practices, parental cultural stress, and child anxiety in clinical (
n
= 22) and community samples (
n
= 22) of Hispanic families. Overprotective parenting was conceptualized by three types of parenting behaviors, including parental control, parental supervision, and parent separation problems. The findings revealed that Hispanic parents of clinically anxious children endorsed more controlling practices than parents of non-clinically anxious youth. When examining parental correlates of anxiety symptoms in Hispanic youths, parent cultural stress, as well as two parental overprotective practices, specifically parental control and parent separation problems were independent predictors of anxiety symptoms in this population. Clinical interventions with Hispanic parents should emphasize both stress-reduction strategies and supportive parenting techniques to reduce overprotective behaviors, which result in increased anxiety in their children.
Highlights
Parental controlling behaviors, a characteristic of overprotective parenting, relates to anxiety symptoms in Hispanic youth.
Parents’ difficulty separating from their children was also found to relate to anxiety symptoms in Hispanic youth.
Parent cultural stress is associated independently of overprotective parenting behaviors with Hispanic youths’ anxiety.
Journal Article
Cross-lagged Relations of Children’s Somatoform Complaints: Embedment within Learning Theory and Secondary Gain Concept
The current state of research on the emergence and maintenance of somatoform symptoms in childhood identifies the influence of both child and parental factors. The aim of the present study is to examine reciprocal relations and stability between somatoform complaints, children’s adaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies, withdrawal behavior, and overprotective parenting. In total, 97 children (female
n
= 46, (47%);
M
age T1 = 9.7 years (
SD
) = 0.54) and their parents completed questionnaires at two time points. A cross-lagged panel design was used to analyze reciprocal associations and stability effects between the included variables over one year (Kearney,
2017
; Selig & Little,
2012
). Results show significant autoregressive effects of both the individual child and parental variables. Parental overprotection predicted child emotion regulation, withdrawal behavior, and somatoform complaints over time; with no reciprocal effects. Similarly, only unilateral effects were shown between adaptive ER strategies, and withdrawal behaviors, and somatoform symptoms. The results are discussed in the framework of learning theory and secondary gain.
Highlights
Examining reciprocal associations is needed to understand the development of somatoform complaints.
Cross-lagged analysis examined relationships between children’s psychological factors and somatoform complaints.
Relationships between children’s factors and overprotective parenting was also examined with cross-lagged method.
Suspected reciprocal relationships could not be confirmed.
Learning theory and the secondary gain concept can help clarify possible effect mechanism in somatoform disease patterns.
Journal Article
Self-Acceptance Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Fears of Compassion
Based on Beck’s cognitive model, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-acceptance in the relationships between parenting behaviors and fears of compassion from others/for self. A set of questionnaires were completed by 684 undergraduate students from a university in Fujian Province in China, and Structural Equation Modelling was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that parental care was positively associated with self-approval and self-evaluation, whereas parental overprotection was negatively related to self-approval and self-evaluation. Furthermore, self-approval contributed to fear of compassion from others and for self subsequently, and self-evaluation only contributed to fear of compassion for self subsequently. These findings support the mediating role of self-acceptance in the relationship between parental care/overprotection and fears of compassion from others/for self. In addition, the study found that self-approval, rather than self-evaluation, played a mediating role between parental care/overprotection and fear of compassion from others.
Highlights
Parental care and overprotection were indirectly related to fears of compassion from others and for self via self-acceptance.
Self-approval and self-evaluation mediated the relationships between parental care/overprotection and fear of compassion for self.
Self-approval but not self-evaluation mediated the relationships between parental care/overprotection and fear of compassion from others.
Journal Article
How empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection indexes are affected by participants’ sex: investigating cultural differences
Culture seems to affect how empathy’s development is influenced by parental behaviors. Considering that empathy is a social ability whose development is affected by many environmental and biological factors, differences can be expected in the way fathers and mothers care for and protect their sons and daughters, as social roles are influenced by culture. The objective of this research was to assess to what extent empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection are affected by the offspring’s sex. 477 adults participated in the study and three instruments were used: the Brazilian versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Empathy Quotient. Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and moderation analyses were conducted. Maternal and paternal care were related to empathy variables for women in the Brazilian context, whereas the perceived parenting behaviors of care and overprotection did not show significant associations with empathy for male participants. Preliminary analysis also suggests that the offspring’s sex influences paternal care expressed through variables such as perspective taking and combined cognitive empathy. This study’s outcomes suggest that the way Brazilian parents behave is dependent on their offspring’s sex. The main results were discussed in comparison to literature that used distinct cultural samples, especially to the outcomes found in British reports, to identify Brazilian parents’ behaviors specificities and their association with the autonomous–relational parenting orientation.
Journal Article
Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Early Parental Bonding Interact in Shaping Instagram Social Behavior
Human beings engage in multiple social interactions daily, both in person and online. There are, however, individual differences in the frequency and quality of these interactions. This exploratory study focuses on online interactions and aims to model these differences by looking at potential environmental and genetic factors. The environmental factor is the childhood parental relationship, as reported by the participants in the dimensions of the Parental Bonding Instrument (N = 57, 41 females). At a genetic level, buccal mucosa cell samples were collected to assess participants’ genetic susceptibility, and OXTr regions rs2254298 (G/G homozygotes vs. A-carriers) and rs53576 (A/A homozygotes vs. G-carriers) were analyzed. To capture participants’ online activity, Instagram was probed. The number of people that the individual follows (“followings”), followers, and posts were used as a proxy for the quantity of interaction, and a Social Desirability Index (SDI) was computed as the ratio of followers to followings. An interaction between OXTr groups and parental bonding scores on the number of followings and posts was hypothesized. A gene-environment interaction for OXTr/rs2254298 on the number of Instagram posts was identified. In line with the hypothesis, participants with a genetic risk factor (A-carriers) and a history of low paternal care showed fewer Instagram posts than those without this risk factor (G/G genotype). Moreover, an interaction effect between maternal overprotection and OXTr/rs2254298 on the Instagram SDI was detected. These findings could represent an indirect pathway through which genes and parental behavior interact to shape social interactions on Instagram.
Journal Article