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The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model for predicting the potential suitable habitat of species has been commonly employed in many ecological and biological applications by using presence-only occurrence records along with associated environmental factors. Parnassia wightiana , a perennial herb, is a cold-adapted plant distributed across three diversity hotspots in China, including the Hengduan Range, Central China and the Lingnan region. The MaxEnt model was used to simulate the historic, current and future distribution trends of P. wightiana , as well as to analyse its distribution pattern in each historical period and explore the causes of species distribution changes. The results of our analysis indicated that annual precipitation, annual temperature range and mean temperature of the warmest quarter were the key bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of P. wightiana . Most temperate species retracted into smaller refugial areas during glacial periods and experienced range expansion during interglacial periods. Possible refugia of the species were inferred to be located in the Hengduan Range and Qinling Regions.

Background Parnassia wightiana Wall. ( P. wightiana ) is a traditional medicinal herb with demonstrated potential for developing eco-friendly botanical insecticides, but its insecticidal properties remain underexplored. Methods Here, we systematically evaluated the insecticidal activities of different plant tissues through integrated bioactivity assays and metabolomic profiling. Combining bioactivity-guided fractionation with transcriptomic analysis, we identified bioactive insecticidal compounds and elucidated key genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Results Bioassays revealed that root extracts exhibited the highest insecticidal efficacy against third-instar Mythimna separata ( M. separata ) larvae, with a median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of 19.659 mg/mL. Integrated multi-omics analysis showed significant enrichment of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways in roots, including diterpenoid, sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid, terpene backbone, and monoterpenoid metabolism. Notably, terpene synthase (TPS) substrates (Z, Z-FPP, Z,E-FPP, and E, E-FPP) were identified as critical precursors in terpenoid anabolism, with TPS-a subfamily genes potentially playing pivotal roles in synthesizing bioactive sesquiterpenes. Through bioactivity-guided isolation, we characterized Celahin B as a potent insecticidal sesquiterpenoid, showing remarkable toxicity against M. separata larvae (LC 50  = 116.642 µg/mL). Conclusions These findings advance our understanding of insecticidal metabolite biosynthesis in P. wightiana and provide a foundation for metabolic engineering of insecticidal compounds, and development of novel biopesticides with reduced environmental impact.

Five new derivatives (2-6) were semi-synthesized using compound 1, a dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpene with C-2 ketone obtained from Parnassia wightiana, as the starting material by acylation, oxidation, reduction, esterification, and amination, respectively. Structures of 2-6 were confirmed by 1D- and 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra. In addition, antifeedant activities of these compounds (1-6) were tested against the 3rd-instar larvae of Mythimna separata. Antifeedant effects of compounds 2 and 4 were greater than the parent compound 1 whereas other compounds exhibited low to no feeding deterrent effects against third instar M. separata larvae in lab bioassays. Therefore, our results suggest that acylated and reduced derivatives at C-8 and C-2, respectively, of 1 may improve the antifeeding effect. This preliminary information will be useful in designing new insect control agents against M. separata and other important pests.

Although crime victimisation is as prevalent in psychiatric patients as crime perpetration (and possibly more so), few European figures for it are available. We therefore assessed its one-year prevalence and incident rates in Dutch severely mentally ill outpatients, and compared the results with victimisation rates in the general population. This multisite epidemiological survey included a random sample of 956 adult severely mentally ill outpatients. Data on victimisation were obtained using the victimisation scale of the Dutch Crime and Victimisation Survey, which assesses crime victimisation over the preceding 12 months. Comparison data were derived from the nationwide survey on safety and victimisation in the Netherlands. Prevalence and incident rates were weighted for sex, age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, and compared with a general population sample matched by region (N = 38,227). In the past year, almost half of the severely mentally ill outpatients (47%) had been victim of a crime. After control for demographic differences, prevalence rates of overall and specific victimisation measures were significantly higher in severely mentally ill outpatients than in the general population. The relative rates were especially high for personal crimes such as violent threats (RR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.72-2.61), physical assaults (RR = 4.85, 95% CI: 3.69-6.39) and sexual harassment and assaults (RR = 3.94, 95% CI: 3.05-5.09). In concordance, severely mentally ill outpatients reported almost 14 times more personal crime incidents than persons from the general population (IRR = 13.68, 95% CI: 12.85-14.56). Crime victimisation is a serious problem in Dutch severely mentally ill outpatients. Mental-healthcare institutions and clinicians should become aware of their patients' victimisation risk, and should implement structural measures to detect and prevent (re-)victimisation.

We presented a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of covering approximately 80% of recognized species. By integrating five plastid markers ( , , - , - and - ) with nuclear marker ITS sequences and applying both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference approaches, we reconstructed robust phylogenetic relationships within the genus. We presented notable differences between molecular phylogeny and the established sectional classification. While sect. emerged as monophyletic with strong support, sect. , sect. , sect. , and sect. were resolved as paraphyletic. The monotypic sect. represented a distinct evolutionary lineage, whereas the species-rich sect. was dispersed across multiple clades. Notably, three eastern Himalayan species ( , and ) formed a well-defined clade with highly reduced staminodia. This study provided a critical molecular framework for reevaluating morphological evolution and revising the infrageneric classification of .

While floral signaling plays a central role in the reproductive success of all animal‐pollinated plants, it may also attract herbivores eager to feed on flowers. False nectaries with glossy surfaces reflecting incident light may produce signals that attract floral visitors guiding their movements to and within the flower. Whether false nectaries also attract herbivores that lower the reproductive success of natural populations requires attention. In this study, we focus on Parnassia wightiana, a subalpine species with a whorl of staminodes that act as false nectaries attracting bees, flies, and herbivorous beetles. We tested the functions of staminodes using controlled manipulative experiments under field and lab conditions. We found a significant decrease in pollinator visits, and subsequent seed set, in flowers in which we removed staminodes or staminode apices confirming the function of these organs. In our natural populations, we found that a beetle, Nonarthra variabilis (Alticinae; Chrysomelidae), chews first on staminode apices, then it eats the entire staminodes and other flower parts, but rarely feeds on ovaries. Additional experiments suggested these beetles preferred staminodes to ovaries. Our results suggest this is a case of selective florivory, in which staminodes play a dual role, attracting pollinators and herbivores at the same time causing the attractive dilemma. Although selective florivory by beetles did not directly damage fruits, it influenced plant‐pollinator interactions, decreasing reproductive success in plant populations. Our study highlights the importance of plant‐pollinator‐herbivore interactions in selecting floral traits. Staminodes of Parnassia wightiana acting as false nectaries attract both pollinators and florivorous beetles, and subsequently influence plant reproductive success.

The infrageneric relationships of the genus Parnassia were not clearly identified due to limited available genetic data. In this study, we presented the complete chloroplast genome of Parnassia wightiana for future phylogenetic study. The plastome of P. wightiana was 152,043 bp in length, with a large single-copy region (LSC) of 82,737 bp and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 19,030 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 25,138 bp. It contained 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 2 pseudogenes. The overall GC content was 37.1%, while the corresponding values in the LSC, SSC, and IR region were 35.0%, 30.8%, and 42.9%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyly of Parnassia.

Parnassia farreri is characterised by the petals with long-ciliate petal claw and the broad spatulate staminodes with shallow crenations distally. A sympatric and poorly-known taxon, P. yui , is recorded only from the type collection that morphologically similar to P. farreri . Based on field investigations, examination of herbarium specimens (including the types) and analysis of protologues and distributions, P. yui is hereby reduced to a synonym of P. farreri. Field and anatomy photographs and an updated morphological description of P. farreri are provided. Parnassia farreri is preliminarily designated as Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List guidelines.

Four new (1–4), along with six known (5–10) dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpene polyesters were isolated from the whole plants of Parnassia wightiana. The new compounds were structurally elucidated through spectroscopic analysis including UV (Ultraviolet Spectrum), IR (Infrared Spectrum), 1H-NMR (1Hydrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), 13C-NMR (13Carbon-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer), 1H-1H COSY (1H-1H Correlation Spectroscopy), HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence), HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation), NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy) and HR-MS (High Resolution Mass Specttrum) and their absolute configurations were proposed by comparison of NOESY spectra and specific optical rotations with those of known compounds and biosynthesis grounds. Compound 2 is the first sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from this plant. New compounds 1–4 exhibited some cytotoxic activities against NB4, MKN-45 and MCF-7 cells at 20 μM and of which 4 showed the highest activity against NB4 and MKN-45 cells with inhibition rates of 85.6% and 30.5%, respectively.