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James A. Parr, sin par (1936–2022): Editor, Bulletin of the Comediantes 1973–98 PART II
An obituary for James A. Parr, former editor of Bulletin of the Comediantes, is presented. Parr followed in the footsteps of Everett W. Hesse as editor of the journal and continued to support young scholars and engage with the comedia community. He was a model of a good sport, stimulating participants and coordinating activities. His research and commentaries have aged like fine wine.
Journal Article
Remembering James A. Parr (1936–2022)
Under his leadership as editor, Bulletin of the Comediantes solidified its position as a top tier journal that publishes forward-thinking essays; not seeking to claim the cutting edge, but publishing a steady stream of thoughtful studies that advanced our knowledge as the discipline evolved. In an astonishing leap, he was named full professor and head of the department of Murray State University by the age of twenty-seven. Jim published five books and more than sixty articles in highly respected journals, many in the era of typewriters and hard- bound copies of the MLA Bibliography.
Journal Article
Move or stay: habitat use and movements by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) during induced rapid flow variations
An experimental factorial approach, in terms of habitat use and movements by Atlantic salmon parr (
Salmo salar
), was studied in response to induced peaking flow in a bypass river section in southern Norway. Sixteen radio-tagged salmon parr (mean TL 12.9 ± 0.8 cm) were tracked during a 7-day spring period with manipulations of flow. Total habitat availability was modeled and integrated with fish locations. Parr movements exhibited a wide individual variation in movement behavior with a subsequent large home range which indicated nonrandom patterns involving three types of behavioral response groups: I parr that did not move during experiments; II parr that used a defined area in the stream moving in all directions; and III parr that moved, i.e., traveled longer distances. Movement distances were strongly skewed towards many short (i.e., I and II) and few but long movements mainly on downstream direction (i.e., III). However, flow alterations clearly affected salmon parr movements, which were also significantly related with alterations of discharge and diel variations. As may be expected, parr movements were also positively related to habitat shifts. In conclusion, flow alterations and reduced light may increase Atlantic salmon parr movements.
Journal Article
Representing succession: Tudor royal portraits, 1544-1546: context, production and analysis
In preparation for an invasion of France in 1544, Henry VIII signed his third Act of Succession, an inflexion point in his reign which established his two daughters, formerly declared illegitimate, as official heirs to his kingdom. This inclusion had been vigorously advocated by their stepmother, Henry's sixth queen, Kateryn Parr (1512-1548). Evidence suggests that it was Kateryn, who helped achieve for Mary and Elizabeth the dynastic legitimacy that secured their subsequent reigns. In celebration of this achievement, between 1544 and 1546, evidence also suggests that it was the queen who was instrumental in commissioning a campaign of portraits of her stepchildren as a visual affirmation of their enhanced status. Her use of portraiture to support political goals, beginning with the French invasion, prefaced her protégée Princess Elizabeth's own use of that art during her reign. Within the context of the 1544 Act of Succession and the events surrounding it, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the production and political role played by this royal portraiture and to examine not only what history can tell us about the commissioning of the portraits but what the portraits can tell us about the intentions and goals of the commissioner.
Journal Article
Overlooked aspects of the Salmo salar and Salmo trutta lifecycles
The salmonid lifecycle has been studied for over a 100 years. Our literature search indicated that the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are among the most studied of fish species. By reviewing both their anadromous and non-anadromous lifecycles, we show that there is a growing body of evidence of considerable variation in many aspects of their lifecycle. However, variation in migration patterns and life history strategies are still poorly studied and not well understood, such as juvenile autumn migration, repeat spawning, marine migrations, straying and homing. Growing evidence supports a group of downstream autumn migrants in both species, which may represent as much as 25–40% of the spring class. Some males and females mature sexually as parr very early in life. They probably contribute to genetic variation and stability to populations in a changing environment and are likely very common in many rivers, but rarely considered. Information on marine migrations have been restricted by available methods, and particularly for brown trout, this may have resulted in underestimating straying and long-distance migrations. Repeat spawning is another understudied aspect of the salmonid life history but should be viewed as an opportunity to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics. We conclude that both brown trout and Atlantic salmon appear to have aspects of their lifecycle overlooked, and that the description of their lifecycle should acknowledge the variation we observe in natural systems as well as the flexibility between strategies.
Journal Article
Acute stress response on Atlantic salmon: a time-course study of the effects on plasma metabolites, mucus cortisol levels, and head kidney transcriptome profile
Abstract Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) welfare and performance can be strongly influenced by stress episodes caused by handling during farming practices. To better understand the changes occurring after an acute stress response, we exposed a group of Atlantic salmon parr to an acute stressor, which involved netting and transferring fish to several new holding tanks. We describe a time-course response to stress by sampling parr in groups before (T0) and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 300, and 330 min post-stress. A subgroup of fish was also subjected to the same stressor for a second time to assess their capacity to respond to the same challenge again within a short timeframe (ReStressed). Fish plasma was assessed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and ions levels. Mucus cortisol levels were analyzed and compared with the plasma cortisol levels. At 5 selected time points (T0, 60, 90, 120, 240, and ReStressed), we compared the head kidney transcriptome profile of 10 fish per time point. The considerably delayed increase of ACTH in the plasma (60 min post-stress), and the earlier rise of cortisol levels (10 min post-stress), suggests that cortisol release could be triggered by more rapidly responding factors, such as the sympathetic system. This hypothesis may be supported by a high upregulation of several genes involved in synaptic triggering, observed both during the first and the second stress episodes. Furthermore, while the transcriptome profile showed few changes at 60 min post-stress, expression of genes in several immune-related pathways increased markedly with each successive time point, demonstrating the role of the immune system in fish coping capacity. Although many of the genes discussed in this paper are still poorly characterized, this study provides new insights regarding the mechanisms occurring during the stress response of salmon parr and may form the basis for a useful guideline on timing of sampling protocols.
Journal Article
Photoperiod in recirculation aquaculture systems and timing of seawater transfer affect seawater growth performance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Production of Atlantic salmon smolts in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) is growing, and novel production protocols using continuous light in RAS are being implemented in the industry. In the present study, Atlantic Salmon parr were exposed to either a traditional protocol (short-day winter signal [12:12 L:D] for 6 weeks) or to continuous light. Both photoperiods were applied in freshwater (FW) and brackish water RAS. Salmon from all treatments were transferred to seawater pens at 200 and 600 g and grown until slaughter size. A control group was smoltified with a 6-week short-day winter signal and kept in FW until sea transfer at 100 g. Continuous light gave a higher growth rate in RAS but reduced feed intake and growth and increased feed conversion ratio during the first 8 weeks in seawater. However, at slaughter, fish exposed to continuous light was bigger than fish given a winter signal because of the higher growth rate in RAS. Slaughter weight was lowest in fish transferred to sea at 600 g, despite having the highest day-degree sum during their life span. The best performing group was the control group transferred at 100 g. All treatments handled transfer to seawater and survival and maturation were not affected by the treatments in RAS. The immune status was examined with a multigene expression assay on BioMark HD platform from parr stage to 5–7 months after seawater transfer. Overall, there was no significant effect of photoperiod or salinity on the expression of the selected immune genes. In sum, the results from this study indicate that using continuous light in RAS may have negative effects on performance shortly after transfer in fish transferred to sea at 200 g, whereas at 600 g, all treatments had reduced growth after transfer irrespective of treatment in RAS.
Journal Article