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In this paper we study a case of diachronic and diaphasic variation consisting in a subordination strategy for expressing immediate succession present in the cultivated narrative language of Classical Spanish. This strategy is based on verbal doubling (V-doubling), a pattern also found in some contemporary Atlantic creole languages. We analyze the elements that constitute this type of sequences and examine the similarities and differences between the constructions of Classical Spanish and those of the Creoles. We also compare the constructions of Classical Spanish with similar structures without V-doubling, present in all periods of Spanish, in order to detail the link of V-doubling with focalization of the end of the first event. The strategy analyzed was a transitory way to cover the absence of subordinators expressing immediate succession in an unambiguous way during the chronological period in which it existed.

The article deals with the diachronic analysis of double verb participles in Portuguese. The purpose of the work is to analyze the use of two participles of the selected verbs in the evolution of the Portuguese language from the 13th century to the present. The research is based on two linguistic corpora: www.corpusdoportugues.org and CETEMPúblico.

This study investigates how learners of English process adjectival participles in both attributive and predicative positions within sentences in order to identify whether difficulties associated with participles stem from learner-specific or English-specific characteristics. A Chinese-speaking group and a mixed language group participated in Study 1 that used the target sentence in English as L2 without contextual cues. A subgroup of the Chinese participants took part in Study 2 that used target sentences with contextual cues. Results showed that the two groups’ performance was different in the use of pre-nominal attributive adjectival participles after controlling for English proficiency (Study 1). Contextual cues did not facilitate Chinese learners’ performance (Study 2). The target word frequency effects disappeared when contextual cues were provided. These findings suggest that the complexities of adjectival participles reside not only in the linguistic characteristics of English, but also in the learner characteristics of L1 background and English proficiency.

The present paper investigates participial root configurations, i.e. participial clauses that are grammatically independent of a host clause. Unlike previous work, which has focussed on either directive or (non-directive) performative uses of so-called past participles (i.e. participles that have passive and/or perfect(ive) interpretations), the present paper establishes a typology of ‘root participles’ in Germanic and contrasts the properties of four main types: (1) directive (RP dir ), (2) expressive (RP exp ), (3) commissive (RP com ), (4) representative root participles (RP rep ). The main claim with respect to the properties of these distinct types is that they differ in terms of whether they include a verbal or an adjectival (passive) participle. In fact, arguments based on argument structure, orientation, aspect, and adverbial modification are presented to substantiate the claim that types (1) and (2) are formed with verbal and types (3) and (4) with adjectival participles. Additionally, the distinct types will be shown to differ in their status of either being non-sentential (i.e. structurally different from potential clausal counterparts) or merely elliptical (just phonologically reduced): types (1) and (3) can be shown to be non-sentential and hence receive a dedicated syntactic analysis, where special attention is paid to the contribution of the (imperative vs. declarative) left periphery.

The use of past participle agreement (PPA) in Majorcan Catalan has decreased over the last hundred years when the object remains in situ (PPAOIS), but PPA keeps clearly stronger when the object is preposed – in clitic, wh-, and other fronted constructions (pace Loporcaro 1998). The goal of this paper is to critically analyse previous accounts for PPA, in order to synthesise them and provide a new formal analysis, flexible enough to explain the data of several Romance varieties: the conclusion is that PPA is not a unified phenomenon, but an epiphenomenon, which can be regarded as the by-product of several syntactic mechanisms – as already proposed by Georgi & Stark (2021) for French. One of these mechanisms is Chomsky’s Agree, but PPA could also be the result of Concord (as in passive constructions) or it could come from “resump-tion by extraction, stranding, and incorporation” of a functional head H, as a strategy for marking information structure. Additionally, at least for some speakers of some villages (like Llucmajor and Montuïri), PPA with the object in situ can also be used for marking those internal arguments which are (given or aboutness-shift) topics and, at the same time, affected by a dynamic event with [+bounded] o [resultative] aspect.

This study explores new research opportunities offered by the InterCorp v16ud parallel corpus, annotated using the Universal Dependencies scheme and enriched with syntactic complexity (SC) measures. The analysis focuses on French sentences containing -ant forms (gerund and present participle) and their Czech translations, with participles restricted to adverbial (converbal) usage for comparability. The results show significant SC variation in literary texts, with Czech translations displaying lower values than French originals. Coefficient of variation and correlation analyses suggest that participles may function as stylistic markers, unlike gerunds. At the sentence level, participles are associated with higher SC than gerunds, though the differences are moderate. The contrastive analysis reveals substantial reductions in clausal SC measures in the Czech translations, probably due to the replacement of subordination by coordination. These shifts affect SC information hierarchy, and occasionally temporal relations. The study underscores the potential of InterCorp v16ud for syntactic research in contrastive linguistics and beyond, while emphasizing the multidimensional nature of SC.

The Homeric forms of the verb ἐγρήγορα ‘am awake’ exhibit a number of oddities. Though this verb was an active-intransitive perfecto-present in the earliest period, the Iliad presents us with the unexpected medial forms ἐγρήγορθε and ἐγρήγορθαι beside the likewise remarkable active ἐγρηγόρθᾱσι with intrusive -θ-. Homer also knows a present ἐγρήσσω, the root of which can only have originated in the perfect but the morphology of which is difficult to account for. I explain the first ρ of ἐγρήγορα as resulting from a metathesis of the weak stem *egēgr → *egrēg- and derive ἐγρήσσω from this modified weak stem. The medial forms are explained as contextually motivated nonce formations. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Odyssean participle ἐγρηγορόων ‘awake’, which I derive from an adjective *egrēgor-wó- ‘awake’ that can be compared with YAv. jaγāur-u- ‘awake’ and Vedic jā́gṛ-v[i]- ‘id.’*

This article investigates the syntactic properties of deponents in finite and nonfinite contexts in several Indo-European languages (Vedic Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin, Hittite, Modern Greek) and proposes a novel definition of deponency: deponents are morphologically nonactive verbs with noncanonical agent arguments that are merged below VoiceP. Since VoiceP is spelled out with nonactive morphology in those languages if it does not introduce an external argument itself, the result is a surface mismatch between morphological form and syntactic function. This proposal predicts that only certain nonfinite forms of deponents will surface with the syntax/morphology mismatch, namely, those that include VoiceP. Nominalizations without VoiceP will appear to suspend the voice mismatch. These predictions are shown to be correct with respect to the behavior of deponent participles in the languages under study.

This paper conducts an in-depth study centering on the beauty of context and its expression in Chinese language literature, mainly from the perspective of semantic contrastive Analysis. Firstly, the study utilizes various natural language processing techniques including LSTM neural network and GRU model to acquire and process textual semantic information by constructing a specific Chinese language contextual model. Then, an empirical analysis of Chinese language literature was conducted, and accuracy and recall were used as evaluation criteria to compare different Chinese language contextual models. The results show that the LSTM-GRU-based Chinese language contextual model significantly improves accuracy and recall. In addition, the model’s effectiveness in improving the ability of contextual Analysis in Chinese language literature is demonstrated through the review and Analysis of Chinese language literary works. Finally, the article proposes strategies to improve the ability of contextual Analysis in Chinese language literature.

In the Kuikuro language (Upper Xingu Carib), the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress is a reflex of the Carib proto-construction *t-V-ce, often labeled as a ‘participle’. It is a morphological form composed of a prefix and a set of allomorphic suffixes that attach to transitive, intransitive, transitivized, or detransitivized verb stems. In this paper, the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress is described and analyzed as a resultative denoting a grammatically represented result of an event that is the background of a subsequent foregrounded event. We argue that, in Kuikuro, the participial verb inflection has aspectual value and we define the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress as participial resultative aspect. Unlike in English, in Kuikuro, an ergative language, the resultative participial forms of transitive and transitivized verb stems license their external arguments. A description of the morphosyntax, semantics, and uses of Kuikuro participial forms precedes a final theoretically based approach that departs from Embick’s analysis of English participles. Our proposal for the analysis of the resultative participles in Kuikuro emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon for a comparison inside the Carib family and for ergative languages regarding the relationship between transitive resultative participles and ergativity.