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"Particles (Nuclear physics) History."
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Galactic Center Shadows: Beyond the Standard Model
In 2005 Zakharov et al. predicted an opportunity to reconstruct a shadow in Sgr A* with ground based or space—ground interferometer acting in mm or sub-mm band (the Millimetron was mentioned for such needs). The prediction was confirmed in May 2022 since the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration presented results of a shadow reconstruction for our Galactic Center (the shadow around the supermassive black hole in M87 was reconstructed in 2019). These reconstructions were based on EHT observations done in 2017. In 2005 Zakharov et al. also derived analytical expressions for shadow size as a function of charge for Reissner–Nordström metric and later these results were generalized for a tidal charge case. We discuss opportunities to evaluate parameters of alternative theories of gravity with shadow size estimates done by the EHT Collaboration, in particular, a tidal charge could be estimated from these observations. We also discuss opportunities to use Millimetron facilities for shadow reconstructions in M87* and Sgr A*. In our recent studies we discuss shadow formations for cases where naked singularities, wormholes or more exotic models substitute conventional black holes in galactic centers.
Journal Article
Facts and mysteries in elementary particle physics
This book provides a comprehensive overview of modern particle physics accessible to anyone with a true passion for wanting to know how the universe works. We are introduced to the known particles of the world we live in. An elegant explanation of quantum mechanics and relativity paves the way for an understanding of the laws that govern particle physics. These laws are put into action in the world of accelerators, colliders and detectors found at institutions such as CERN and Fermilab that are in the forefront of technical innovation. Real world and theory meet using Feynman diagrams to solve the problems of infinities and deduce the need for the Higgs boson. Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics offers an incredible insight from an eyewitness and participant in some of the greatest discoveries in 20th century science. From Einstein's theory of relativity to the elusive Higgs particle, this book will fascinate and educate anyone interested in the world of quarks, leptons and gauge theories. This book also contains many thumbnail sketches of particle physics personalities, including contemporaries as seen through the eyes of the author. Illustrated with pictures, these candid sketches present rare, perceptive views of the characters that populate the field. The Chapter on Particle Theory, in a pre-publication, was termed “superbly lucid” by David Miller in Nature (Vol. 396, 17 Dec. 1998, p. 642).
eBook
The perfect wave : with neutrinos at the boundary of space and time
Almost weightless and able to pass through the densest materials with ease, neutrinos seem to defy the laws of nature. But these mysterious particles may hold the key to our deepest questions about the universe, says physicist Heinrich Päs. In The Perfect Wave, Päs serves as our fluent, deeply knowledgeable guide to a particle world that tests the boundaries of space, time, and human knowledge.
The existence of the neutrino was first proposed in 1930, but decades passed before one was detected. Päs animates the philosophical and scientific developments that led to and have followed from this seminal discovery, ranging from familiar topics of relativity and quantum mechanics to more speculative theories about dark energy and supersymmetry. Many cutting-edge topics in neutrino research--conjectures about the origin of matter, extra-dimensional spacetime, and the possibility of time travel--remain unproven. But Päs describes the ambitious projects under way that may confirm them, including accelerator experiments at CERN and Fermilab, huge subterranean telescopes designed to detect high-energy neutrino radiation, and the Planck space observatory scheduled to investigate the role of neutrinos in cosmic evolution.
As Päs's history of the neutrino illustrates, what is now established fact often sounded wildly implausible and unnatural when first proposed. The radical side of physics is both an exciting and an essential part of scientific progress, and The Perfect Wave renders it accessible to the interested reader.
eBook
Scientific Realism in Particle Physics
Particle physics studies highly complex processes which cannot be directly observed. Scientific realism claims that we are nevertheless warranted in believing that these processes really occur and that the objects involved in them really exist. This book defends a version of scientific realism, called causal realism, in the context of particle physics.
The first part of the book introduces the central theses and arguments in the recent philosophical debate on scientific realism and discusses entity realism, which is the most important precursor of causal realism. It also argues against the view that the very debate on scientific realism is not worth pursuing at all.
In the second part, causal realism is developed and the key distinction between two kinds of warrant for scientific claims is clarified. This distinction proves its usefulness in a case study analyzing the discovery of the neutrino. It is also shown to be effective against an influential kind of pessimism, according to which even our best present theories are likely to be replaced some day by radically distinct alternatives.
The final part discusses some specific challenges posed to realism by quantum physics, such as non-locality, delayed choice and the absence of particles in relativistic quantum theories.
eBook
Reminiscences
A personal recount in areas of particle physics and related fields as a research physicist for over 50 years, Adrian Melissinos' insights into the ways that general research was carried out, as well as the evolution of particle physics from 1958 to 2008 will prove valuable to science history enthusiasts, as well as particle physicists.
eBook
Radiation hardness of semiconductor avalanche detectors for calorimeters in future HEP experiments
During the last years, semiconductor avalanche detectors are being widely used as the replacement of classical PMTs in calorimeters for many HEP experiments. In this report, basic selection criteria for replacement of PMTs by solid state devices and specific problems in the investigation of detectors radiation hardness are discussed. The design and performance of the hadron calorimeters developed for the future high energy nuclear physics experiments at FAIR, NICA, and CERN are discussed. The Projectile Spectator Detector (PSD) for the CBM experiment at the future FAIR facility, the Forward Calorimeter for the NA61 experiment at CERN and the Multi Purpose Detector at the future NICA facility are reviewed. Moreover, new methods of data analysis and results interpretation for radiation experiments are described. Specific problems of development of detectors control systems and possibilities of reliability improvement of multi-channel detectors systems are shortly overviewed. All experimental material is based on the investigation of SiPM and MPPC at the neutron source in NPI Rez.
Journal Article
Cluster formation in nuclear reactions from mean-field inhomogeneities
Perturbing fluids of neutrons and protons (nuclear matter) may lead, as the most catastrophic effect, to the rearrangement of the fluid into clusters of nucleons. A similar process may occur in a single atomic nucleus undergoing a violent perturbation, like in heavy-ion collisions tracked in particle accelerators at around 30 to 50 MeV per nucleon: in this conditions, after the initial collision shock, the nucleus expands and then clusterises into several smaller nuclear fragments. Microscopically, when violent perturbation are applied to nuclear matter, a process of clusterisation arises from the combination of several fluctuation modes of large-amplitude where neutrons and protons may oscillate in phase or out of phase. The imposed perturbation leads to conditions of instability, the wavelengths which are the most amplified have sizes comparable to small atomic nuclei. We found that these conditions, explored in heavy-ion collisions, correspond to the splitting of a nucleus into fragments ranging from Oxygen to Neon in a time interval shorter than one zeptosecond (10−21s). From the out-of-phase oscillations of neutrons and protons another property arises, the smaller fragments belonging to a more volatile phase get more neutron enriched: in the heavy-ion collision case this process, called distillation, reflects in the isotopic distributions of the fragments. The resulting dynamical description of heavy-ion collisions is an improvement with respect to more usual statistical approaches, based on the equilibrium assumption. It allows in fact to characterise also the very fast early stages of the collision process which are out of equilibrium. Such dynamical description is the core of the Boltzmann-Langevin One Body (BLOB) model, which in its latest development unifies in a common approach the description of fluctuations in nuclear matter, and a predictive description of the disintegration of nuclei into nuclear fragments. After a theoretical introduction, a few practical examples will be illustrated. This paper resumes the extended analysis of fluctuations in nuclear matter of ref. [2] and briefly reviews applications to heavy-ion collisions.
Journal Article
The Underground Nuclear Astrophysics in the Precision Era of BBN: Present Results and Future Perspectives
The abundance of light isotopes such as D, 3He, 4He, 6Li and 7Li produced during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) only depends on particle physics, baryon density and relevant nuclear processes. At BBN energies (0.01 ÷ 1 MeV) the cross section of many BBN processes is very low because of the Coulomb repulsion between the interacting nuclei. As low-energy measurements on earth's surface are predominantly hampered by the effects of cosmic rays in the detectors, it is convenient to study the relevant reactions with facilities operating deep underground. Starting from the present uncertainty of the relevant parameters in BBN (i.e. baryon density, observed abundance of isotopes and nuclear cross-sections), it will be shown that the study of several reactions of the BBN chain, with existing or proposed underground accelerator facilities, can improve the accuracy of BBN calculations, providing a powerful tool to constrain astrophysics, cosmology and particle physics. In particular, a precise measurement of D(p, γ)3He reaction at BBN energies is of primary importance to calculate the baryon density of universe with an accuracy similar to the one obtained by Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments, and to constrain the number of active neutrino species. For what concern the so called ''Lithium problems\", i.e. the disagreement between computed and observed abundances of the 7Li and 6Li isotopes, it will be also shown the importance of a renewed study of the D(α, γ) 6Li reaction.
Journal Article
Andrei Sakharov
In 1980, the Cold War was in full bloom. The Soviet father of the hydrogen bomb and Nobel Peace Laureate turned dissident physicist, Andrei Sakharov, had been exiled to Gorki by the Soviet authorities. Called “senile” and under heavy Soviet censorship, Sakharov had a hard time communicating his latest scientific results to readers outside of Gorki. Some smuggled results reached the author, Harry Lipkin, who then realized that he and Sakharov were both pioneers in a new revolution on our understanding the structure of matter. The particle physics community had resisted their revelation that the accepted building blocks of matter, neutrons and protons, were composed of tinier building blocks called “quarks”. What followed was a remarkable adventure in which both scientists fought the Soviet censors, smuggling postcards and manuscripts into and out of the Soviet Union while trying to further scientific progress.
eBook