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The results of this study demonstrate a microstrip patch antenna that is both low-profile and flexible. Based on a denim substrate measuring 1 millimetre in thickness, the suggested antenna is designed to function inside specifically at frequencies. A low profile and consistent emission pattern are recommended antenna characteristics. Altering the antenna geometry with different x- and y-axis radii lets you test its performance. Modelling examines how antenna modification affects gain, radiation pattern, operating frequency, and reflection coefficient. The simulation shows that the antenna can be modified while keeping its frequency. When placed on the body, the suggested antenna is tested again. The gain, radiation pattern, and frequency spectrum are altered in comparison.

A 3-D metamaterial structure (3DMMS) is proposed and is used to reduce mutual coupling of a twoelement patch antenna array. The 3DMMS consists of an upper M-shaped patch and two lower U-shaped patches, which are connected by two shorted pins. The proposed 3DMMS has a negative permeability at 2.35-2.45 GHz band, which covers the operation band of the patch antenna array with an edge-to-edge array-element distance of 0.13 lambda 0. Five designed 3DMMS cells are embedded into the substrate between two antenna elements, which has a 0.1mm vertical distance to the patch antennas. The proposed antenna is optimized, fabricated and measured. The results show that about 18 dB mutual coupling reduction is achieved by using the 3DMMS without affecting the operating bandwidth and radiation characteristics.

The growing demand for internet-of-vehicles (IoV) communication requires compact antennas capable of supporting multiple frequency bands while maintaining stable radiation characteristics. This paper presents the design and validation of a multilayer microstrip patch antenna that achieves dual-band operation through the integration of shorting vias, a coupled ring, and an embedded parasitic patch. Parametric studies confirm that the adopted techniques yield impedance bandwidths of 28% at 1.8 GHz and 6.4% at 2.4 GHz, with a low-profile structure of 0.055λ0. Measured results demonstrate omnidirectional radiation patterns across the intended bands with a maximum gain of 4.46 dBi at 2.57 GHz. Beyond simulated and laboratory verification, field tests were conducted using LTE communication to evaluate the antenna’s quality of service (QoS) under realistic vehicular conditions. To reduce system cost and simplify testing, a low-cost in-house signal meter based on a Raspberry Pi microcontroller was developed and employed to compare the proposed antenna with a commercial monopole. The results confirm that the multilayer patch antenna provides improved bandwidth, gain, and radiation stability, making it a compact and cost-effective candidate for multiband IoV and V2X communication systems.

This article presents a novel decoupling technique for the circularly polarized multiple-inputmultiple- output (CP-MIMO) system composed of Guoshaped patch antennas. A comparative study has been conducted on antenna performance as a function of packing distance before and after applying the technique. A prototype of two-element Guo-shaped patch MIMO at a small inter-element spacing of 12.5 mm has devised aiming for the 5G new radio n38 (2.57-2.62 GHz) applications. Simulation reinforced with experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed technique, whereas the two Guo-shaped patch elements packed in such small spacing can be operated independently. Both the envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain are approaching their ideal values.

In this paper, we present a study and design of a rectangular-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular shaped slot at the operating frequency is 28GHz, for fifth generation (5G) wireless applications, using the microstrip line technique for feeding. The objective of this slot is to contribute to the improvement of antenna performance. This antenna is built on a Roger RT duroid 5880 type substrate having a relative permittivity equal to 2.2, a height of h = 0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The compact size of this antenna is 4.2 mm × 3.3 mm × 0.5 mm. The simulations of this antenna were performed using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and computer simulation technology (CST) software whose main purpose is to confirm the results obtained for this proposed antenna. The results obtained during these simulations are as follows: resonant frequency of 27.97 GHz and reflection coefficient (S11) of -20.95 dB, bandwidth of 1.06 GHz, a gain of 7.5 dB, radiated power of 29.9 dBm, and efficiency of 99.83%. These results obtained by this proposed antenna are better than those obtained from already existing antennas that are published in current scientific journals. Consequently, this antenna is likely to satisfy the needs for 5G wireless communication applications.

In this study, a novel technique to achieve multi-band performance for both reduced and conventional size circular microstrip patch antennas loaded with metamaterial has been proposed. Incorporation of symmetric slotting concept with the concept of additional mode modification for both MNG (µ negative) and ENG (ɛ negative) metamaterial loaded circular patch antennas have been shown. The use of metamaterial creates an unconventional mode, whereas symmetrical slotting not only modifies another band but also improves the gain by around 1 dB of unconventional mode for MNG loaded antenna. Design algorithms for metamaterial loaded circular patch antennas have been developed to achieve size reduction and highly directive multiband property. Based on these design algorithms, at first a reduced size triple band circular patch antenna loaded with MNG metamaterial has been shown where around 35% size reduction is achievable. Later, a triple band conventional size circular patch antenna partially loaded with ENG metamaterial has been designed with high gain and directive performances for all three bands compared to previously reported such antennas.

This paper presents a novel microstrip patch antenna design using slots and parasitic strips to operate at the n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz)/n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) band of sub-6 GHz and n96 (5.9–7.1 GHz) band of sub-7 GHz under 5G New Radio. The proposed antenna is simulated and fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and copper of 0.035 mm thickness for the ground and radiating planes. A conventional patch antenna with a slot is also designed and fabricated for comparison. A comprehensive analysis of both designs is carried out to prove the superiority of the proposed antenna over conventional dual-band patch antennas. The proposed antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 160 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 220 MHz at 5.9 GHz, with gains of 3.83 dBi and 0.576 dBi, respectively, compared to the conventional patch antenna with gains of 2.83 dBi and 0.1 dBi at the two frequencies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the parasitic strip’s width and length on antenna performance. The results of this study have significant implications for the deployment of high-gain compact patch antennas for sub-6 GHz and sub-7 GHz 5G wireless communications and demonstrate the potential of the proposed design to enhance performance and efficiency in these frequency bands.

This paper presents a compact, linearly co-polarized in-band full-duplex (IBFD) antenna system for dual-band applications. The antenna system comprises two identical and closely spaced two-element arrays of quarter-wavelength shorted microstrip patch antennas (MPAs). A C-shaped slot is precisely etched near the shorted edge of each individual Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) to facilitate dual-band characteristics. At 2.4 GHz, the MPAs operate in the TM1/2,0 mode, with efficient radiation characteristics. At 3.5 GHz, these antennas switch to the TM1/2,2 mode, to maintain optimal performance and reliability in a second operational band. The |S11| ≤ -10 dB bandwidth for each MPA is 2.5 % at 2.4 GHz and 2 % at 3.5 GHz, with inter-port isolations exceeding 20 dB and 45 dB at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz, respectively. Additionally, the antenna arrays achieve a broadside gain of 8.3 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 9.4 dBi at 3.5 GHz.

The advantages of microstrip patch antennas include small size, adaptable surface, ease of fabrication, and compatibility with integrated circuit technology. Numerous experiments have been done over the past few decades to enhance the performance of this antenna, and both military and commercial sectors have found many uses for it. This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna with an operating frequency of 28GHz for 5G mobile communication. This research designed and simulated a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with 3.494 mm * 5.3 mm * 0.003 mm. The proposed antenna resonates at 28 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, a bandwidth of 280 MHz, and a gain of 2.2 dBi. The inset feed technique matches the 50 Ω transmission line impedance. In the design, Rogers RT5880 substrate and copper ground are used. The antenna’s geometry was calculated, and simulated results were analyzed using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. In conclusion, the proposed antenna has a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, VSWR of 1.24, an input impedance of 51.6Ω, and a gain of 2.2 dBi at operating frequency with a compact geometry can be used in 5G mobile communications. The future shift in resonance frequencies and beams can be considered to make the antenna operate as a smart antenna.

The main objective of this work is to propose an approach for improving the performance of miniaturized microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) that are loaded with a thin film consisting of a high relative permittivity material. The method uses a thin film to decrease the antenna’s resonance frequency while keeping the antenna’s patch dimensions. For the enhancement of the antenna’s performance with a thin film, the dimensions of the patch of the designed antenna are optimized utilizing genetic algorithms (GAs). The resonance frequency of the microstrip patch antenna was changed from 5.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz, and the area of the proposed antenna was minimized by around 60%, especially in comparison to a conventional antenna alone without thin film. Most of the performances of the proposed antenna such as the return loss, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were improved.