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Under French, German and Swiss law, if another man is found to be the father of a child, the putative father can claim compensation for the maintenance paid for the child on the ground of unjust enrichment. An analysis of the conditions and consequences of this claim shows that this liability for enrichment is subject to distinct prerequisites and that the exact construction of the claim remains unclear in many aspects. Differences between the three legal systems already exist regarding the contestation of paternity: French law, for example, only permits contestation under significantly more restrictive conditions than the other two legal systems. In particular, however, only German case law permits the incidental determination of paternity for actions brought by the putative father against the genetic father, which is questionable from the point of view of status law. Dogmatic distortions are also evident in the application of the law of enrichment, where even the ground of the action is not stated consistently: French law, which was reformed in 2016, appears to ground the action of the apparent father on a subsidiary liability for enrichment (actio de in rem verso), while German law indirectly leads to the condictio indebiti and, finally, the Swiss Federal Court applies the condictio ob causam finitam. These divergences are by no means of a merely conceptual nature; rather, the three actions are linked to entirely different conditions and may also result in different legal consequences in the details. The comparison of the three legal systems thus reveals, on the one hand, persistent ambiguities as to the construction and justification of the liability for unjust enrichment; on the other hand, it raises the question of whether and to what extent the putative father’s claim for compensation is compatible with the best interests of the child and family peace. Dutch law, for example, rejects any claim for compensation arising from a contestation of fatherhood.

\"Isabel finds herself befriended by Patricia, a single mother whose son, Basil, goes to school with Isabel's son. Isabel discovers that Basil is the product of an affair Patricia had with a well-known Edinburgh organist, also named Basil, who was, rumor has it, initially reluctant to contribute financially to the child's upkeep. Though Isabel doesn't really like Patricia, she tries to be civil and supportive, but when she sees Patricia in the company of an unscrupulous man who peddles fake antiquities, her suspicions are aroused and she begins to investigate the paternity of Basil Jr. When Isabel takes her suspicions to Basil Sr., she finds that, although paying child support is taking a severe financial toll on him, he likes the idea of being the boy's father and, in fact, wishes he could have more of a relationship with Basil Jr. Patricia, however, has no interest in Basil Sr. taking a more hands-on role in Basil Jr.'s parenting, even as she continues to accept his financial support. Should Isabel help someone who doesn't want to be helped? As Isabel navigates this ethically-complex situation, she is also dealing with her niece, Cat, who has taken up with a tattoo artist. Isabel considers herself open-minded, but has Cat pushed it too far this time? As ever, Isabel must use her kindness and keen intelligence to determine the right course of action\"-- Provided by publisher.

Maternidad, Paternidad, Rol, Hijos, Familia, Proyecto de Vida Abstract: The purpose of this research was to know the social representations of men and women between 18 and 25 years old. A qualitative study was carried out using the word association technique with 20 subjects (12 men and 8 women), in which their respective polarity and neutrality index will be extended. [...]in the interview it was found that motherhood and fatherhood are seen as complementary roles, that is, that both are exercised jointly; In addition, when performing these roles, a mobilization of resources at a psychosocial and economic level, among others, is identified. Keywords: Maternity, Paternity, Role, Children, Family, Life Project Recibido: 22 de Junio de 2022 / Aprobado: 30 de Junio de 2022 Representaciones Sociales de Adultos Emergentes Colombianos sobre Maternidad y Paternidad La maternidad y la paternidad tienen un lugar importante en la historia de la humanidad, pues de una u otra forma han asegurado la supervivencia y el desarrollo de la especie humana e incluso han facilitado la vida en sociedad (Guerrini, 2009).

\"A memoir of family, the Holocaust, trauma, and identity, in which Adam Frankel, a former Obama speechwriter, must come to terms with the legacy of his family's painful past and discover who he is in the wake of a life-changing revelation about his own origins. Adam Frankel's maternal grandparents survived the Holocaust and built new lives, with new names, in Connecticut. Though they tried to leave the horrors of their past behind, the pain they suffered crossed generational lines--a fact most apparent in the mental health of Adam's mother. When Adam sat down with her to examine their family history in detail, he learned another shocking secret, this time one that unraveled Adam's entire understanding of who he is. In the midst of piecing together a story of inherited familial trauma, Adam discovered he was only half of who he thought he was, knowledge that raised essential questions of identity. Who was he, if not his father's son? If not part of a rich heritage of writers and public servants? Does it matter? What defines a family's bonds? What will he pass on to his own children? To rewrite his story in truth and to build a life for his own young family, Adam had to navigate his pain to find answers and a way forward. Throughout this journey into the past, his family's psyche, and his own understanding of identity, Adam comes to realize that while the nature of our families' traumas may vary, each of us is faced with the same choice. We can turn away from what we've inherited--or, we can confront it, in the hopes of moving on and stopping that trauma from inflicting pain on future generations. The stories Adam shares with us in The Survivors are about the ways the past can haunt our future, the resilience that can be found on the other side of trauma, and the good that can come from things that are unspeakably bad\"-- Book jacket.

Introducción: el quimerismo humano es la presencia de dos (2) o más poblaciones celulares en un individuo que contienen material genético de más de un cigoto. Los fenotipos varían desde hombres fenotípicamente normales, trastornos de diferenciación sexual o mujeres fenotípicamente normales. Presentamos un caso de quimerismo tetragamético identificado durante un estudio de paternidad de rutina en mujer fenotípicamente normal. Materiales y métodos: por petición judicial, previo consentimiento informado, se llevó a cabo un estudio de paternidad mediante análisis de STR Powerplex 16, Powerplex 21, Haplotipos STR de cromosoma Y, análisis de ADN mitocondrial por secuencia Sanger en analizador genético 3500 y estudios citogenéticos. Se analizaron muestras adicionales de la madre de diferentes tejidos, de tres hermanos de la madre y de dos hijos adicionales de la misma. Resultados: el análisis inicial de STR mostró un perfil XY en amelogenina en la muestra de la madre, más dos posibles exclusiones maternas a la menor. Estudios adicionales en diferentes tejidos de la madre (cabello, células de mucosa oral, saliva y sangre) demostraron la existencia de quimerismo tetragamético confirmado por estudios citogenéticos 46, XY[87]/46, XX[13]. Los estudios del grupo familiar permitieron la reconstrucción de los perfiles parentales confirmando el hallazgo de quimera tetragamética. Discusión: la frecuencia de quimerismo tetragamético es desconocida. Las implicaciones jurídicas pueden llevar a diversas situaciones con amplios alcances económicos y penales, entre los que se incluye la pérdida de apoyos económicos en cuota alimentaria, divorcio, pérdida de la confianza entre la pareja, fraude procesal, negación de inmigración y demandas económicas contra los laboratorios forenses, entre otras. Palabras clave Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual 46; XX; Genética Forense; ADN

Dyer reports that a man has won the right of paternity testing against a dead putative father. 1 We considered a case series of posthumous paternity testing on retained tissue samples. 2 Our cases all occurred in a single hospital and were covered by the Human Tissue Act 2004; the consent issues could be resolved without recourse to the courts.The act is complex, particularly in the way it deals with genetic testing.

Females of many species mate with multiple males, thereby inciting competition among ejaculates from rival males for fertilization. In response to increasing sperm competition, males are predicted to enhance their investment in sperm production. This prediction is so widespread that testes size (correcting for body size) is commonly used as a proxy of sperm competition, even in the absence of any other information about a species' reproductive behaviour. By contrast, a debate about whether sperm competition selects for smaller or larger sperm has persisted for nearly three decades, with empirical studies demonstrating every possible response. Here, we synthesize nearly 40 years of sperm competition research in a meta-analytical framework to determine how the evolution of sperm number (i.e. testes size) and sperm size (i.e. sperm head, midpiece, flagellum and total length) is influenced by varying levels of sperm competition across species. Our findings support the long-held assumption that higher levels of sperm competition are associated with relatively larger testes. We also find clear evidence that sperm competition is associated with increases in all components of sperm length. We discuss these results in the context of different theoretical predictions and general patterns in the breeding biology and selective environment of sperm. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.

We estimate peer effects in paid paternity leave in Norway using a regression discontinuity design. Coworkers and brothers are 11 and 15 percentage points, respectively, more likely to take paternity leave if their peer was exogenously induced to take up leave. The most likely mechanism is information transmission, including increased knowledge of how an employer will react. The estimated peer effect snowballs over time, as the first peer interacts with a second peer, the second peer with a third, and so on. This leads to long-run participation rates which are substantially higher than would otherwise be expected.

Why did you do this work?The Working Lives Subgroup of the London School of Paediatrics (LSP) Trainees’ Committee aims to empower trainees with the knowledge and resources to help them navigate issues that they may encounter throughout their training. Through our work with educational seminars, open forums, one to one support, and the creation of user-friendly guidance, we identified a need for further awareness, guidance and support for trainees regarding their working lives matters. We therefore designed and hosted a ‘Working Lives Study Day’ (WLSD).What did you do?The online WLSD was designed for paediatric trainees, and was also open to colleagues involved in the organisation of paediatric training including rota coordinators and consultants. The day consisted of presentations, Q&A sessions, and interactive workshops. We focused content on four key areas: payslips and salary calculations; pregnancy, maternity/paternity leave and pay; rota design and implementation; and less-than-full-time (LTFT) training. These topics are in line with NHS England’s Chief Executive Amanda Pritchard’s agenda for ‘Improving the working lives of doctors in training’, as set out in a letter to all NHS trusts in April 2024.1 Pre and post course surveys were sent to all attendees, asking them to rank their confidence level from 1–10 (1 being least confident, 10 being most confident) in the four areas, as well as encouraging open space questions and feedback.What did you find?The WLSD was attended by 45 paediatric trainees from across London. Our data demonstrates improvement in confidence levels of attendees across all four topics. Attendees’ confidence in calculating their pay and checking their payslips scored a mean of 3.5 prior to the course, which increased to 7 in the post course feedback. The mean score for understanding rights during pregnancy and parental leave before the course was 3; this improved to 7.5 following the course. Attendees ranked their confidence tackling rota related issues such as rostering and leave at a mean of 6 before the course, which improved to 8 after the course. Attendees’ confidence navigating LTFT training scored a mean of 4.5 before the course, which increased to 7.8 after the course (figure 1).Abstract 8253 Figure 1Results comparing attendee mean pre survey confidence to post attendance confidence, for four topics covered during the study day[Image Omitted. See PDF.]Most queries from the pre-course survey centred around rota and leave. The post course feedback was overwhelmingly positive: trainees expressed highlights from all the sessions, particularly with regards to understanding pay.What does it mean?The WLSD achieved an improvement in trainees’ confidence managing issues with their pay, rotas, LTFT training and parental leave. This supports the continuing need to disseminate this information through further study days to help trainees find solutions to these common issues. We feel encouraged by the success of this work, and plan to open future sessions to a national audience. Ultimately, doctors who are happy and empowered in their working lives provide better patient care.2 ReferencesPritchard A, Powis S, Evans N. Improving the working lives of doctors in training [Internet]. NHS England: United Kingdom; 25th April 2024 [Accessed 27th September 2024]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/improving-the-working-lives-of-doctors-in-training/Department of Health. NHS Health & Well-being Improvement Framework [Internet]. Department of Health: United Kingdom; 29th July 2011 [Accessed 30th September 2024]. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c0296e5274a7318b907ab/dh_128813.pdf